The Anomaly of Cancer Incidence in Denmark: The Fuzzy Line between Gender-disaggregated GDP per Capita, Inflation, and Cancer Incidence

OBJECTIVE The increasing incidence of cancer in a highly affluent and developed country like Denmark raises a remarkable problem. This research deeply examines the complex relationships between cancer incidence, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita, and inflation in Denmark. METHODS Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) Unit Root Tests, Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test have been used. RESULTS Analyses of data on male and female cancer incidence, GDP per capita growth (annual %), and inflation yield striking results. For instance, the unidirectional causal relationship from male cancer incidence to female cancer incidence is striking. At the same time, the bidirectional causality between GDP per capita and male cancer incidence is also an interesting finding. The finding of a unidirectional causality from female cancer incidence to GDP per capita and unidirectional causal relationship from inflation to female cancer incidence is also important emphasis. CONCLUSION This study is a continuation of the tests of the Crisis-Cancer Cycle (CCC) hypothesis proposed by Çiğdem and is an important step towards understanding the complexity behind the cancer surge, concretizing the potential effects of monetary policies on health and informing policymakers.