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  The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties in the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Misophonia: A Cross-Sectional Study of University Students

  (IMR PRESS, #07-07, 151 CHIN SWEE ROAD, MANHATTAN HOUSE, SINGAPORE 169876, SINGAPORE, 2026) Kılınçel, Şenay; Bulut, Furkan; Göksel, Pelin; Etçioğlu, Erkut; Kılınçel, Oğuzhan; Usta, Miraç Barış

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  Background: Misophonia is a sound intolerance characterized by intense emotional and physiological responses to specific repetitive sounds, often impairing functioning. Childhood trauma (CT) may elevate the risk of misophonia through its impact on emotion regulation difficulties (ERDs). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of university students (N = 294; mean age = 23.4 ± 5.0; 71.4% female). Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and a misophonia Scale. Pearson correlations were calculated, and mediation analysis was performed to test DERS as a mediator between CTQ scores and misophonia. Results: CTQ, DERS, and misophonia were all positively correlated. CTQ showed a significant total effect on misophonia (b = 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15, 0.46). When DERS was included in the model, the direct effect of CTQ on misophonia was not significant (b = 0.08, 95% CI: –0.06, 0.23), while the indirect effect via DERS was significant (b = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.34). Conclusions: Findings are consistent with a full mediation model, with DERS statistically accounting for the association between CTQ and misophonia. Trauma-related impairments in emotion regulation may represent key factors contributing to misophonia. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish temporal and causal pathways.

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  A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms Trained With Monte Carlo Simulations For X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis

  (ELSEVIER, RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2026) Yavaş, Kaan; Keskin, Ulaş; Toker, Ozan; Akçalı, Özgür; Kavanoz, Hüseyin Birtan; İçelli, Orhan

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  X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is widely used in quantitative analysis because it is fast, reliable, and nondestructive. However, challenges such as matrix effects, spectral overlap, background interference, and the need for suitable standards can make quantitative XRF analysis difficult, motivating the use of machine learning models that learn composition spectrum relationships from representative datasets. Normalized characteristic peak areas extracted from XRF spectra were used as input to predict the elemental compositions of stainless steel samples. Artificial neural network (ANN), random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR) algorithms were trained with datasets generated from Monte Carlo simulations. All trained models were validated using experimental XRF spectra. All models demonstrated compatibility with experimental results, with the ANN emerging as the most effective model, particularly for trace elements. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using simulation-generated datasets to train machine learning models and reduce reliance on extensive experimental data.

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  Who Gets to Design Safety? Power, Hierarchy and Worker Voice in Construction Risk Management

  (MDPI, MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2026) Koçali, Kaan

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  The construction industry remains among the most dangerous occupations in the world and safety management in this industry remains hierarchical in nature, being designed by engineers, regulatory agencies, and site managers and not by those who actually face the highest risk of danger. This paper argues that this asymmetry in who gets to design safety is systemic, arising from the intersection of organisational hierarchy, national power distance, and multi-tier subcontracting, all of which erode both accountability and worker voice. Drawing on a theoretical framework that integrates the safety-voice, power-distance, and systems-theoretic accident model and processes (STAMP) literatures with a structural analysis of Istanbul’s construction sector, the paper shows how legal, contractual, and cultural mechanisms suppress the feedback processes that resilience-oriented safety management depends on. Drawing on Turkish labour-law thresholds for union recognition, subcontracting data, and a case of worker protest during the construction of one of Istanbul’s largest infrastructure projects, the paper identifies three mechanisms of exclusion: statutory representation thresholds that structurally exclude construction workers, subcontracting chains that diffuse responsibility for safety outcomes away from the workers who bear the risk, and organisational hierarchies that discourage safety voice long before it reaches any formal channel. The paper concludes with a set of design principles for reintegrating worker feedback into safety control structures, offered as a contribution to resilience engineering practice.

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  The Effect of Static and Dynamic Core Exercises on Serve and Spike Speed in Young Volleyball Players: a Randomized Controlled Trial

  (BMC, CAMPUS, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND, 2026) Gök, Bilal; Açar, Görkem

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  Background Volleyball is a high-intensity team sport demanding explosive upper-body skills whose performance depends on effective kinetic chain transfer through the core musculature. Although core training is widely incorporated into athletic conditioning, the differential effects of static versus dynamic core protocols on sportspecific ball-velocity outcomes remain insufficiently examined, particularly in adolescent athletes. This study investigated the effects of a six-week supplementary static or dynamic core exercise program on serve speed and spike speed in elite young male volleyball players. Methods Thirty-one male volleyball players (aged 11–14 years) were randomly assigned to a dynamic core exercise group (DCEG, n=15) or a static core exercise group (SCEG, n=16). Both groups continued regular volleyball training and additionally performed a six-week, three-days-per-week core program applied before each training session. Serve and spike speeds were measured with a Bushnell Velocity Gun radar device at pre-test and post-test. Normality was confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Within-group comparisons used paired t-tests; between-group comparisons used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with pre-test values as the covariate. Results Within-group analyses showed a significant improvement in spike speed for SCEG (t(15)=−5.115, p < .001) and a significant improvement in serve speed for DCEG (t(14)=−7.299, p < .001). ANCOVA revealed a significant between-group difference in serve speed (F(1, 28)=31.001, p < .001, partial η² = 0.525) favouring DCEG, while no significant between-group difference was found for spike speed (F(1, 28)=0.250, p = .621, partial η² = 0.009). Conclusions Six weeks of supplementary core training was accompanied by improvements in serve and spike performance in elite young male volleyball players. Dynamic core exercises were more effective for serve speed, whereas static core exercises produced significant gains in spike speed. Because the trial did not include a no-treatment control group and the sample was small, these findings are preliminary and describe a comparison between two active core-training modalities rather than an absolute effect of core training; coaches may consider tailoring core training modality to the specific performance goal, pending confirmation in larger, adequately powered controlled trials.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07641439. Registered 05 May 2026. Retrospectively registered (recruitment began 23 March 2026; see Methods for justification).

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  Sex-Related Biological Variation and Mental Toughness in Soccer: a 2D:4D Digit-Ratio Study of Type a, Type B and Type C Classification Across Playing Positions

  (FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, AVENUE DU TRIBUNAL FEDERAL 34, LAUSANNE CH-1015, SWITZERLAND, 2026) Kaya Besler, Hamza; Yıldırım, Gülferi M.; Canan, Sinan; Seyhan, Sinan; Açar, Görkem; Bilici, Muhammed Fatih; Sönmezoğlu, Uğur

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  Background: Sex-related variation in psychological traits is usually studied as a categorical male–female contrast, which conflates a grouping variable with the continuous biology underlying it. The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) provides a non-invasive marker of the prenatal androgen environment, but its relationship with mental toughness and playing position in soccer remains poorly understood. This study examined the associations between 2D:4D-derived classification, playing position, sex and mental toughness, testing whether mental toughness tracks a continuous sex-related biological index rather than sex category alone. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, 270 licensed amateur soccer players (241 men, 29 women; aged 13–35 years) from Denizli, Türkiye, were assessed. Mental toughness was measured with the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). Digit lengths were measured directly on both hands with a calibrated digital caliper, and the two-hand mean ratio assigned each player to one of three operational categories at a cut-off of unity (Type A < 1.00, Type C = 1.00, Type B > 1.00). Data were analysed with one-way and two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons. Results: Type B players reported higher mental toughness (M = 47.36) than Type A (43.85) and Type C (44.24) players, F(2,267) = 6.70, p = 0.002, η 2 = 0.048. Defenders (45.34) scored higher than goalkeepers (41.13; p = 0.021), F(3,266) = 3.00, p = 0.031, η 2 = 0.033. In the two-way model classification remained significant, F(2,258) = 6.10, p = 0.003, whereas position, F(3,258) = 2.22, p = 0.086, and the interaction, F(6,258) = 0.81, p = 0.560, did not. Male players scored higher than female players, t(268) = 1.99, p = 0.047. Conclusion: Mental toughness varied with 2D:4D-derived classification and playing position, and the classification effect ran counter to a simple masculinization account, since the less androgenized Type B profile scored highest. A sex difference was also present, but classification and sex operated in opposing directions and neither was reducible to the other. Types A, B and C are operational classifications, not literal brain categories, and should be interpreted with caution.

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