Performance Analysis of Energy-Harvesting Amplify-and-Forward Relaying with Fluid Antenna Systems

Abstract

This paper studies a cooperative wireless system in which a single-antenna base station (BS) communicates with a destination user (U) via a half-duplex energy-harvesting amplify-and-forward relay, while the direct BS–U link is unavailable. The destination (U) is equipped with a fluid antenna system (FAS) comprising multiple closely spaced receive ports, enabling spatial reconfigurability through instantaneous port selection. A power-splitting architecture is adopted at the relay to support simultaneous energy harvesting and information forwarding. All wireless links are modeled as flat Rayleigh fading, and the spatial correlation among the FAS ports is explicitly incorporated. To analytically characterize the impact of correlated port selection, a Gaussian copula framework is employed to model the joint distribution of the FAS-channel power gains. Exact integral expressions for the cumulative distribution function of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio are derived, from which the outage probability is obtained. For the special case of uncorrelated FAS ports, closed-form expressions are further developed using order statistics and special functions. In addition, asymptotic analysis is carried out to provide further insight into system performance in the high-signal-to-noise-ratio region. Numerical and Monte Carlo simulation results validate the analytical derivations and demonstrate that FAS-based receiver selection yields significant gains in outage performance, even in the presence of strong spatial correlation and energy-harvesting constraints.