Broken Windows Theory-Based Spectator Behavior Scale (BWTSBS): a validity and reliability study

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dc.authoridhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-5367
dc.contributor.authorYavuz Eroğlu, Sultan
dc.contributor.authorEroğlu, Erdem
dc.contributor.authorKoç, Mustafa Can
dc.contributor.authorTalaghir, Laurentiu Gabriel
dc.contributor.authorIconomescu, Teodora Mihaela
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-18T10:09:36Z
dc.date.available2025-08-18T10:09:36Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentBeden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu
dc.description.abstractPurpose: The aim of this study is to develop a scale to measure the spectator behaviors of fans and spectators. For this purpose, the research was conducted in two phases. Methods: The sample of the study consists of 220 fans aged 18 and over who are interested in dierent sports branches and support various teams across Turkey. Participants were selected from dierent geographical regions and socio-economic groups to ensure diversity. Stratified sampling method was used in the study. In this method, fans were first stratified according to the sports they support (e.g., soccer, basketball, volleyball) and random samples were selected from each stratum. In this way, it was ensured that each sport branch was represented and the sample better reflected the population. In the study, Personal Information Form and the Audience Behavior Scale Based on Broken Windows Theory (BWTSBS), which has been validity and reliability study to understand the behaviors of the participants, were used as data collection tools. Results: In the analysis of the data obtained within the scope of the study, exploratory factor analysis was used for the construct validity of the scale and confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify the structure obtained as a result of this analysis. In this analysis, the extent to which the theoretically determined factor structure overlaps with the data is examined. The goodness of fit indices reveal how well the model fits the data. The CFA used in the study was based on fit criteria such as χ²/df, CFI, GFI, AGFI, NFI, IFI, TLI, RMSEA and RMR to evaluate the fit of the model.
dc.identifier.citationYavuz Eroglu S, Eroglu E, Koc MC, Talaghir L-G and Iconomescu TM (2025) Broken Windows Theory-Based Spectator Behavior Scale (BWTSBS): a validity and reliability study. Front. Psychol. 16:1529063. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529063
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529063
dc.identifier.issn1664-1078
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11363/10282
dc.identifier.volume16
dc.identifier.wos001512086100001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.institutionauthorKoç, Mustafa Can
dc.institutionauthoridhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3007-5367
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherFRONTIERS MEDIA SA, AVENUE DU TRIBUNAL FEDERAL 34, LAUSANNE CH-1015, SWITZERLAND
dc.relation.ispartofFRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectBroken Windows Theory
dc.subjectfans
dc.subjectspectator behavior
dc.subjectvalidity
dc.subjectreliability
dc.titleBroken Windows Theory-Based Spectator Behavior Scale (BWTSBS): a validity and reliability study
dc.typeArticle

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