The asymmetric relationship between pollution, economic growth, urbanization, renewable energy consumption, and life expectancy in Ghana: a novel Quantile‑on‑Quantile analysis

Abstract

This study investigates the determinants of life expectancy in Ghana, focusing on the efects of economic growth, environmental pollution, urbanization, and renewable energy consumption. The research employs a novel Quantile-on-Quantile (QQ) regression approach to capture the non-linear relationships and varying impacts across life expectancy levels. This method allows for a more detailed analysis of how these factors afect life expectancy across diferent population segments. The results show that GDP growth positively impacts life expectancy, especially in higher quantiles with more pronounced economic benefts. In contrast, CO2 emissions have a negative impact, particularly in lower quantiles, highlighting the vulnerability of certain population groups to environmental degradation. Urbanization presents mixed efects, with positive impacts in some cases and harmful in others, refecting the complex challenges of rapid urban growth. Renewable energy consumption consistently improves life expectancy, underscoring the importance of sustainable energy policies. The study concludes that targeted policies promoting inclusive economic growth, stronger environmental regulations, improved urban infrastructure, and expanded renewable energy use are essential for enhancing life expectancy in Ghana. These fndings provide crucial insights for policymakers aiming to bridge the gap between economic development and public health.