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Effect of polydopamine surface treatment on the mechanical properties of zirconia and resin occlusal veneers fabricated using additive and subtractive manufacturing: An in vitro study
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, ENGLAND, 2025) Sasany, Rafat; Uçar, Sultan Merve; Mosaddad, Seyed Ali; Alonso, Veronica Rodriguez
Objectives: To evaluate the influence of polydopamine (PDA) treatment on bond strength, fracture, and wear resistance of occlusal veneers (OVs) fabricated using additive (AM) and subtractive manufacturing (SM) techniques. Methods: Three hundred twenty 0.5 mm-thick OVs were fabricated through AM and SM and from four groups of materials (n = 80): AM ceramic-filled resin (AM-C), AM zirconia (AM-Z), SM nano-ceramic resin (SM-C), and SM zirconia (SM-Z). Each group was further divided into PDA-treated and untreated subgroups (n = 40). Specimens were cemented onto resin dies using self-curing resin cement (Multilink N; Ivoclar Vivadent) and subjected to five million chewing cycles with thermal cycling. Fracture and wear resistance were assessed using a load-tofailure test and 3D surface analysis, respectively (n = 20). Additionally, bond strength was evaluated using a pull-out test (n = 20). Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA to assess the main and interaction effects of material, manufacturing technique, and PDA treatment (α=0.05). Results: Significant main effects of manufacturing technique, material type, and PDA treatment were found for all outcomes (p<.001), along with significant manufacturing × PDA interactions. PDA notably improved fracture resistance and bond strength in AM-Z and AM-C (p<.05), but had minimal effect on SM groups. Wear was significantly reduced in AM groups following PDA (p<.001), while SM-C showed a slight increase (p=.021). Among all groups, untreated AM-C demonstrated the weakest overall mechanical performance. Conclusions: PDA treatment enhanced fracture and bond strength in AM materials, with limited effect on SM ceramics. Milled zirconia showed the best overall performance, while untreated AM-C consistently performed the worst. Clinical Relevance: Polydopamine surface treatment enhances the mechanical performance of occlusal veneers fabricated by additive manufacturing, particularly improving bond strength and fracture resistance. This approach may increase the clinical reliability of 3D-printed restorations, especially in thin, conservative designs.
Assessing the protective effects of chard on valproic acid-induced pancreatic complications
(NATL INST SCIENCE COMMUNICATION-NISCAIR, DR K S KRISHNAN MARG, PUSA CAMPUS, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA, 2024) Alev Tüzüner, Burçin; Ak, Esin; Tunalı, Sevim; İpekci, Hazal; Üstundağ, Ünsal Veli; Tunalı Akbay, Tuğba; Emekli Alturfan, Ebru; Çetinel, Şule; Yanardağ, Refiye; Yarat, Ayşen; Ahmad, Sarfraz
Valproic acid (VPA) treatment is known to potentially cause adverse effects, notably as the most common cause of druginduced acute pancreatitis. It is crucial to balance the therapeutic benefits and potential major side effects of VPA administration. Complications associated with VPA may arise from toxic VPA metabolites and alterations in antioxidant levels. While chard is well-known for its anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant properties, there is a lack of research on its impact on the pancreas during VPA treatment. This study aimed to explore the possible protective effects of chard against VPA-induced complications in the pancreas using histological and biochemical approaches. Animals were separated into four groups: i) Control, ii) received chard (100 mg/kg), iii) received VPA (500 mg/kg), and iv) received VPA+Chard (in the same dosages and time). On the eighth day, the rats’ pancreatic tissue and blood specimens were collected. In the Chard and VPA+Chard groups, chard decreased blood glucose levels compared to the control and VPA groups. In comparison to the VPA group, the VPA+Chard group pancreatic glutathione level and catalase activity increased whereas malondialdehyde levels decreased. Furthermore, administration of chard to the control and VPA groups increased tissue factor activity and sialic acid level as compared to the VPA group. The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results. It is therefore concluded that chard has the potential to protect pancreatic tissue from VPA-induced complications by reducing lipid peroxidation and blood glucose while enhancing antioxidants and sialic acid levels.
Enhancing motor performance through brief skin cooling: exploring the role of enhanced sympathetic tone and muscle spindle sensitivity
(SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600 , NEW YORK, NY 10004, UNITED STATES, 2025) Çetin, Mert; Kökçe, Mustafa; Karaoğlu, Ayşe; Kalaoğlu, Eser; Kibar, Halime; Sezikli, Selim; Özkan, Mehmet; Türker, Kemal Sıtkı; Karacan, İlhan
Background Although brief skin cooling (BSC) is widely used in sports medicine and rehabilitation for its positive efects on motor performance, the mechanism underlying this motor facilitation efect remains unclear. Objectives To explore the hypothesis that BSC enhances muscle force generation, with cold-induced sympathetic activation leading to heightened muscle spindle sensitivity, thereby contributing to this efect. Methods The study involved two experiments. Experiment 1 included 14 healthy volunteers. Participants submerged their hand in ice water for 3 min. Sympathetic activity was measured via heart rate (HR), muscle force generation was assessed through plantar fexor strength during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and cortical contribution to force generation via the volitional wave (V-wave) with and without the cold pressor test (CPT). Experiment-2 involved 11 healthy volunteers and focused on muscle spindle sensitivity and Ia synapse efcacy, assessed using soleus T-refex and H-refex recordings before, during, and after CPT. Results Experiment 1 showed signifcant increases in HR (7.8%), MVC force (14.1%), and V-wave amplitude (93.4%) during CPT compared to pre-CPT values (p=0.001, p=0.03, and p=0.001, respectively). In Experiment-2, hand skin temperature signifcantly decreased during CPT and remained lower than pre-CPT after 15 min (p<0.001). While H-refex and background EMG amplitudes remained unchanged, T-refex amplitude (113.7%) increased signifcantly during CPT and returned to pre-CPT values immediately afterward (p<0.001). A strong correlation was also observed between HR and T-refex amplitude (r=0.916, p=0.001). Conclusion BSC enhances muscle spindle sensitivity via the sympathetic nervous system, promoting more signifcant muscle force generation. The method used in this study can be safely applied in clinical practice.
Moringa oleifera hydroalcoholic leaf extracts mitigate valproate-induced oxidative status in the extraorbital lacrimal gland in a rat model
(ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND, 2024) Alev Tüzüner, Burçin; Oktay, Sehkar; Çergel, Eda; Elik, Gülsüm; Magaji, Umar Faruk; Saçan, Özlem; Yanardağ, Refiye; Yarat, Ayşen
Dysfunction of the extraorbital lacrimal gland (ELG) can lead to loss of vision due to damage to the epithelium of cornea. The broad-spectrum anti-epileptic drug sodium valproate (SV) has numerous side effects. Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera) is widely used as a food and in folk medicine. The effects of orally administered SV and M. oleifera hydroalcoholic leaf extract on rat ELG were investigated in this study by analysing both antioxidant and oxidant parameters. Additionally, boron level and tissue factor (TF) activity were determined. Protein changes were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Significantly lower values of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were observed in the SV group compared to the control group. Treatment with Moringa extract significantly increased SOD, CAT and TAS values in the Moringa given SV group (SVM). While no significant differences were observed between the sialic acid values of the groups, lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) and total oxidant status (TOS) values were significantly elevated in the SV group compared to the control group. Due to the effect of Moringa extract, LPO, NO and TOS levels were significantly decreased in the SVM group compared to the SV group. TF activity was not meaningfully altered between groups. Compared to control rats, oxidative stress index (OSI) level significantly increased, whereas the boron level decreased in the SV group. Moringa extract treatment noticeably reduced OSI in the SVM group. According to SDS-PAGE, decreases in the density of protein bands with molecular weights of 51, 83, and 90 kDa were observed in SV given rats compared to the other groups. These decreases were reversed by the administration of Moringa extract. Moringa extract has shown protective properties arising from antioxidant potential, especially with its very low OSI value. Individuals undergoing SV treatment and having ELG complications might consider using Moringa extract to mitigate valproate induced damage.
Multiplexed Piezoelectric Electronic Skin with Haptic Feedback for Upper Limb Prosthesis
(WILEY, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA, 2024) Awais, Muhammad; AliAbbasi, Easa; Atik, Abdulkadir Yasin; Bathaei, Mohammad Javad; Ali, Mohsin; Das, Ritu; Dağ, Çağdaş; Ullah, Azmat; Singh, Rahul; Türker, Kemal Sıtkı; Başdoğan, Çağatay; Beker, Levent
Upper limb amputation severely impairs tactile perception, limiting daily activities. Developing a near-natural replacement with prosthetic devices requires improving user sensory experiences during object interactions. The ideal upper limb prosthesis should provide real-time sensory feedback, mirroring natural experiences. Current prostheses struggle with providing adequate tactile feedback due to sensory limitations. Inspired by the sensory properties of skin, we present a micro-fabricated, multiplexed electronic skin (e-skin) with actuators for sensory feedback in upper limb amputation. The piezoelectric-capacitive sensor array detects static pressure, temperature, vibration, and texture, with integrated actuators stimulating the skin to provide real-time feedback. The sensors integrate with actuators via readout electronics, making the system standalone and easy to use. The flexible, compact sensor array design (two pixels within a 1 cm2 footprint) detects a wide range of pressure (0.5–10 kPa), temperature (22–60 °C), vibration (35–100 Hz), and texture (2.5–45 Hz), suitable for daily use. The e-skin, attached to a prosthetic finger, is tested for feasibility on human volunteers with wrist-mounted actuators. Statistics are used to quantitatively assess system performance. The integration of multiplexed sensors and actuators enhances tactile feedback, improving the quality of life for people with upper limb amputations.
A comparison of electromyography techniques: surface versus intramuscular recording
(SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600 , NEW YORK, NY 10004, UNITED STATES, 2024) Karacan, İlhan; Türker, Kemal Sıtkı
This review is a comprehensive guide for electromyography (EMG) researchers, providing a comparison of skin EMG recording (surface EMG: sEMG and high-density sEMG: HD-sEMG) and intramuscular EMG recording (multi-motor unit-MMU and single motor unit electromyography-SMU). We delve into the nuances of techniques, highlighting their strengths and limitations in quantifying muscle activation during dynamic and static conditions. We frst examine how EMG signals change with time, focussing on the interplay between motor unit synchronisation and signal amplitude. The review then explores the impact of electrode placement on signal quality. We further discuss the challenges of signal cancellation, crosstalk from neighbouring muscles, and motion artifacts, which can signifcantly afect signal integrity. Finally, we address the temporal changes in electrode impedance and its implications for data interpretation. Our analysis proposes that specifc research objectives should guide the choice amongst sEMG, HD-sEMG, SMU and MMU. MMU, which records the peak counts of individual motor unit action potentials from a localised muscle area, is particularly suited for studying deep or small muscles during static and dynamic activities. Its high sensitivity to motor unit recruitment and discharge rates minimises the impact of factors such as signal cancellation and motion artefacts. Conversely, sEMG is well-suited for short-duration, isometric assessments of large, superfcial muscles. HD-sEMG helps study single motor unit properties under isometric conditions. SMU is particularly suited for studying neuronal networks between stimulated sites and motor neurons. This review aims to provide researchers with the information to select the most appropriate EMG technique for their investigations.
Comparison of acceptability of orthodontic appliances in children in mixed dentition treated with removable acrylic appliances and Invisalign frst: a cross-sectional study
(BMC, CAMPUS, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND, 2024) Kalaoğlu, Elif Ece; Dumanlı Gök, Gülay
Purpose This study aimed to compare the acceptability of removable acrylic appliances (RA) and Invisalign First (IF) clear aligners (Aligntech, USA) among children undergoing orthodontic treatment during the mixed dentition period, considering the severity of malocclusions. Methods A total of 40 patients, aged 6 to 13 years, were recruited for the study. Malocclusion severity was evaluated using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need-Dental Health Component (IOTN-DHC). Patients completed the "Acceptance of Orthodontic Appliance Scale (AOAS)" via a face-to-face Google survey. To assess the reliability of the AOAS, the survey was resent to fve patients after three months for a second response, and reliability analysis was conducted. Additionally, inter-rater reliability was evaluated by having all patients independently assessed by a second researcher. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), with statistical signifcance set at p < 0.05. Results Although no signifcant diference was found in IOTN-DHC scores, the IF group demonstrated signifcantly higher AOAS scores compared to the RA group (p = 0.014). Survey responses revealed noticeable distinctions between groups regarding speaking discomfort, preference for orthodontic appliances, and facial appearance comfort. A negative correlation (r = -0.477, p = 0.034) was observed between malocclusion severity and appliance acceptance. Clinical signifcance This study underscores the signifcant superiority and advantage of IF over RA among pediatric orthodontic patients during the mixed dentition period.
Trans-Achilles percutaneous fixation technique for posterior malleolus fracture: a cadaveric study
(BMC, CAMPUS, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND, 2024) Yağar, Hilal; Çiçek, Fatih; Ceranoğlu, Faruk Gazi; Karadağ, Hüseyin; Çınaroğlu, Selim
Background It has been reported that 43.6% of ankle fractures are accompanied by posterior malleolus fractures. The aim of this study is to define a safe zone for posterior malleolus fractures by determining the locations of the important anatomical structures in this region. Additionally, it aims to identify the trans-Achilles passage line for Kirschner wire insertion through a posteroanterior approach for posterior malleolus fragments. Methods Six below-knee amputee fresh-frozen leg cadavers were used in this study. A trans-Achilles Kirschner wire was applied to the cadavers in the posteroanterior direction under the guidance of fluoroscopy. The areas where the Kirschner wire passed were dissected, and their proximity to vital anatomical structures was measured. Results In all cadavers, the transverse thickness of the Achilles tendon at the level of the trans-Achilles Kirschner wire was 15.5 mm and the trans-Achilles Kirschner wire application was 18.6 mm from the sural nerve, 16 mm from the posterior tibial tendon, and 12.16 mm from the flexor digitorum longus muscle. It was performed 15.16 and 14.6 mm from the posterior tibial artery and vein, 12.3 mm from the tibial nerve, 13.6 mm from the tibiofibular joint, and 55.5 mm from the insertion site of the Achilles tendon to the calcaneus and at a sufficient distance from vital anatomical structures. Conclusions The proposed trans-Achilles percutaneous surgical technique is safe from neurovascular structures for fixing posterior malleolar fractures. However, the long-term clinical outcomes of this technique need to be explored. Level of evidence Level III, A cadaveric study.
Single motor unit estimation of the cutaneous silent period in ALS
(ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE 00000, IRELAND, 2024) Topkara, Betilay; Özyurt, M. Görkem; İşak, Barış; Çeçen, Serpil; Türker, Kemal Sıtkı
Objective: Recent evidence indicated that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also impairs spinal circuits, including those mediating cutaneous silent period (CSP). However, most studies utilised surface electromyography (sEMG), which needs more resolution to pinpoint changes at the single motoneuron level. We aimed to investigate CSP properties using single motor unit discharges in ALS. Methods: In mild and severe ALS patients and controls, CSP was recorded in the first dorsal interosseus and analysed using the discharge rate method, which accurately shows the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) profile. Results: Our findings confirmed that the CSP latency was prolonged only in severe ALS patients. Moreover, the CSP duration was similar in each group, but late-stage ALS patients tend to have a longer CSP duration. The discharge rate method revealed a significantly longer duration (up to 150 ms) than the duration detected using sEMG. Strikingly, the motoneuron discharge rate – IPSP duration inverse relationship is lost in ALS patients, indicating a possible impairment in the motoneuron integrative properties. Conclusions: Our data support previous findings of prolonged latency, presented input–output modifications of motoneurons, and revealed the entire course of the CSP, representing a much stronger inhibitory event than previously thought. Significance: Motoneuron integrative property modification assessed by CSP could be a new biomarker for ALS.
Protective efect of silymarin on tacrolimus-induced kidney and liver toxicity
(BMC, CAMPUS, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND, 2022) Terzi, Funda; Çiftçi, Mustafa Kemal
Background: Tacrolimus (FK506) is an immunosuppressive agent and has toxic side efects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In our study, we aimed to investigate the protective efect of silymarin on renal and hepatic toxicity considered to be tacrolimus related. Methods: In this 6-week experimental study, 46 eight-week-old healthy male rats were used. The groups comprised the Control (healthy rats, n=6), Tac (tacrolimus 1 mg/kg, n=8), silymarin 100 mg/kg (SLI 100 mg/kg n=8), Tac+SLI 100 (tacrolimus 1 mg/kg+SLI 100 n=8), SLI 200 (SLI 200 mg/kg n=8), and Tac+SLI 200 (tacrolimus 1 mg/kg+SLI 200 mg/kg n=8). After 6 weeks, all rats were sacrifced, and the tissue follow-up procedure was performed for kidney and liver tissues, histopathology, and in situ TUNEL analysis. Blood samples were analyzed for the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), albumin, total bilirubin, creatine. Results: Histopathological fndings of kidney and liver tissue of rats were determined to increase statistically in Tac group compared to SLI 1 00 and SLI 200 groups (P<0.05). In addition, the Tac+SLI 100 and Tac+SLI 200 groups were found to be statistically similar to the Control group (P>0.05). The in situ TUNEL method showed that the tacrolimus increased apoptosis while the silymarin decreased it. TOC levels increased statistically in Tac groups compared to silymarin-treated groups (P<0.05). Although the TAC level was not statistically signifcant among the experimental groups (P>0.05), the lowest was measured in the Tac group. The ALT, AST, GGT, total bilirubin, and creatine values were higher in the Tac group than in the silymarin groups (P<0.05). There was no statistically signifcant diference between the groups with regard to the albumin level (P>0.05). Conclusion: In our study, we determined that tacrolimus caused damage to kidney and liver tissue. Histopathological, biochemical and apoptotic fndings show that silymarin has a protective efect against nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity caused by tacrolimus.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of fissure sealants for caries prevention in children
(WILEY, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ, 2023) Egil, Edibe; Yaylalı, Emine
Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of resin-based and glass ionomer-based fissure sealants compared with no intervention for children. Methods: We developed a Markov-based decision analytic model that simulated Turkish children from aged 6 to 15 years. Two types of costs were explored from the payers’ perspective and the health care system perspectives. A costeffectiveness analysis of resin-based and glass ionomer-based fissure sealants was conducted to quantify their effectiveness using the number of caries prevented and the quality-adjusted tooth years (QATYs). Costs and effectiveness measures were discounted at 3% per year. Results: The most cost-effective intervention was resin-based fissure sealant, with an additional $5.34 per caries prevented and $1.86 per QATY gained compared with no treatment. Conclusion: Fissure sealants particularly resin-based sealants are cost-effective for children in Turkey due to their low cost and highly preventive characteristics.
Comparison of Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Real-Time PCR Methods for Diagnosis of Listeriosis in Ruminants with Encephalitis
(Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 2022) Hatipoğlu, Fatih; Terzi, Funda; Özdemir, Özgür; Ortatatlı, Mustafa; Çiftçi, Mustafa Kemal; Ateş, Mehmet Burak
Encephalitic listeriosis is the most significant purulent encephalitis in ruminants and is a very common endemic problem in sheep, cattle, and goats. In this study, it was aimed to compare the presence of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes revealed by immunohistochemical (IHC) and Real-Time PCR methods with histopathological findings obtained from the archive materials. The study material consisted of pons and medulla oblongata paraffin tissue of 100 ruminants (9 cattle, 4 calves, 44 sheep, 38 lambs, and 5 goats). Positivity was obtained by the IHC method in 46 (46%) and by the Real-Time PCR method in 21 (21%) of 100 cases. In the L. monocytogenesis antigen IHC scoring, more severe staining was observed in sheep and goats (P>0.05). In the IHC positive cases, microabscess was more severe in sheep and goats than in cattle and lambs (P<0.05). In addition, 19 patients had Coenurus cerebralis cysts, and 3 of them were found to be positive for the IHC agent of Listeria. It was concluded that IHC and PCR methods can be used to detect L. monocytogenes from paraffin blocks, but the IHC method is a more effective method than PCR in revealing the presence of antigen from paraffin blocks stored for many years.
Fractal Perspective on the Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment; Evaluation of the Relationship Between Midpalatal Suture Opening and Dental Effects
(ELSEVIER, RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2022) Ok, Ufuk; Ünal Kaya, Tuğçe
Objective: This retrospective study investigates the relationship between the midpalatal suture opening and the dental effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) treatment using fractal analysis. Methods: The participants of this study were selected from the patients who underwent Cone Beam Computed Tomography(CBCT) scans in 2019 and were treated with banded type Maxillary Expander. This study included 20 participants (with a mean age of 10.64§10.64, ranging from 8 to 13 years): 12 males and 8 females. Patients went through CBCT scan and images taken were analyzed using the ImageJ program. The following parameters were measured and analyzed before and after RME treatment: fractal dimensional value of Midpalatal suture(MPS), Distobuccal(DB), Mesiobuccal(MB), Palatal(P), Total distance, Cortical bone and linear values of External maxilla, Internal maxilla, Palatal roots, distance of Central fosses and angular values of Tipping value of 16 and 26. We used Spearman’s nonparametric test for non-normal variables to investigate the correlation between changes in MPS and other variables. Results: The results showed a strong positive correlation between the MPS and Right MB (0.34, p<0.05) and Left MB (0.59, p<0.05) variables and a strong negative correlation between the MPS and the External maxillary variables (-0.53, p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study have shown a strong correlation between right and left MB and External Maxilla. RME caused a reduction in buccal alveolar bone thickness and a slight reduction in MPS thickness in growing patients. Therefore, we suggest that fractal analysis can be used to evaluate the skeletal and dental effects of RME in patients.
A pilot study: Can calcaneus radiographic image be used to determine sex and breed in cats?
(WILEY, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030, 2022) Şenol, Esra; Gündemir, Ozan; Duro, Sokol; Szara, Tomasz; Demiraslan, Yasin; Karadağ, Hüseyin
This study examined whether radiographic images measurements of the calcaneus in cats are determinative of sex and breed. For this purpose, radiographic images of 70 cats (37 male and 33 females) of different ages (from one to 18 years) and different breeds (41 mix-breed, 18 Scottish Fold and 11 British Shorthair cats) without orthopaedic problems were used. Right tarsal joint radiographs of these orthopaedically healthy cats were taken. Four linear measurements and two angle values of the calcaneus were obtained from the radiographic images. The MANOVA result showed that the most determining factor between the three groups was the greatest width (p value = 0.001). Calcaneal body length, calcaneal greatest length and calcaneal shortest depth were higher in mix-breed cats. Calcaneal tuber length was higher in Scottish Fold cats. The only statistically significant difference between Scottish Fold and British Shorthair was in the calcaneal tuber length (p value = 0.04). In the comparison made between the sexes regardless of species, the linear measurements in males were higher than in females. It was determined that these parameters are statistically significant in terms of sex differentiation in cats. Dorsal and plantar calcaneal angles are not sex determinants in cats. The effect of age on other measurements was analysed by correlation test. However, the effect of age on the measurements was not statistically significant. Mix-breed cats were examined in four groups according to their colour (grey, black-white, yellow, tri-colour). No statistically significant difference was found between calcaneal measurements of cats with different skin colour genotypes. In this study, calcaneus measurements were both determinative between breeds and sexes in cats.
Periodontal Disease Severity, Tooth Loss, and Periodontal Stability in Private Practice
(WOLTERS KLUWER MEDKNOW PUBLICATIONS, WOLTERS KLUWER INDIA PVT LTD, A-202, 2ND FLR, QUBE, C T S NO 1498A-2 VILLAGE MAROL, ANDHERI EAST, MUMBAI, Maharashtra 400059, INDIA, 2022) Elemek, Eser
Background: Periodontal disease diagnosis and its stability after treatment are still a field of interest for both researchers and clinicians. Aims: First aim of this study was to implement the new periodontal classification for the reflection of periodontitis severity in private practice. Second, periodontal stability and tooth loss were observed in patients who attended supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Patients and Methods: A total of 454 patients were classified according to the new classification. To define periodontitis, patients were staged according to the clinical attachment level, and tooth and bone loss. Grading was also assessed by bone loss to age ratio, smoking, and/or presence of diabetes. Associations between periodontitis and age, gender, presence of diabetes, and smoking were also analyzed. Additionally, periodontal stability, tooth loss, and adherence to oral hygiene were recorded for those who attended SPT. Results: One hundred five patients were diagnosed as generalized gingivitis and 349 patients as periodontitis. Among them, 166 suffered from severe periodontitis (stage 3 or 4). Most of the patients had stage 3 grade C periodontitis (40.4%). Out of the 344 patients who attended SPT at least once, no treatment was needed in 57 (16.6%) patients who were accepted periodontally stable. Twenty-nine patients lost at least one tooth due to periodontal reason. Conclusions: According to the new periodontal classification, 47.6% of the patients had severe periodontitis (stage 3 or 4). Periodontal stability was observed in 16.6% of patients who attended SPT.
Mechanical Properties of the New Generation RACE EVO and R-Motion Nickel–Titanium Instruments
(MDPI, ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2022) Baştürk, Fatima Betül; Özyürek, Taha; Uslu, Gülşah; Gündoğar, Mustafa
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the dynamic cyclic fatigue, torsional and bending resistance of two novel RACE EVO (FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland) and R-Motion (FKG) nickel–titanium instruments with traditional RaCe (FKG) instruments. RACE EVO, R-Motion and RaCe instruments with a size of 25 and taper of 0.06 were used. A dynamic cyclic fatigue test was used to assess the time to fracture. The fractured surfaces were further analyzed using scanning electron microscopy at ×350 and ×3000 magnifications. A torsional resistance test was performed to measure the maximum torsional strength and angle of rotation. Phase transformations with temperature were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry. The results were statistically analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test at a 5% significance level. R-Motion had the highest time to fracture and the lowest torsional and bending resistance, whereas RaCe had the lowest time to fracture and the highest torsional and bending resistance (p < 0.05). In relation to the angle of rotation, RACE EVO instruments had the highest deformation capacity followed by R-Motion and RaCe instruments (p < 0.05). The greater cyclic fatigue resistance and lower torsional and bending resistance results indicate that the novel R-Motion and RACE EVO instruments are less rigid and more flexible than RaCe instruments.
The reflex mechanism underlying the neuromuscular effects of whole-body vibration: Is it the tonic vibration reflex?
(JMNI, 7 SPILIADOU SQ, NAFPLION 21 100, GREECE, 2022) Çorum, Mustafa; Topkara, Betilay; Kökçe, Mustafa; Özkan, Mehmet; Bucak, Ömer Faruk; Aytüre, Lütfiye; Karacan, İlhan; Türker, Kemal Sıtkı
Objectives: Whole-body vibration (WBV) is applied to the sole of the foot, whereas local mechanical vibration (LMV) is applied directly to the muscle or tendon. The time required for the mechanical stimulus to reach the muscle belly is longer for WBV. Therefore, the WBV-induced muscular reflex (WBV-IMR) latency may be longer than the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) latency. The aim of this study was to determine whether the difference between WBV-IMR and TVR latencies is due to the distance between the vibration application point and the target muscle. Methods: Eight volunteers participated in this study. The soleus reflex response was recorded during WBV, LMVs, and tendon tap. LMVs were applied to the Achilles tendon and sole of the foot. The latencies were calculated using the cumulative averaging technique. Results: The latency (33.4±2.8 ms) of the soleus reflex induced by the local foot vibration was similar to the soleus TVR latency (30.9±3.2 ms) and T-reflex (32.0±2.4 ms) but significantly shorter than the latency of the soleus WBV-IMR (42.3±3.4 ms) (F(3,21)=27.46, p=0.0001, partial ?2=0.797). Conclusions: The present study points out that the neuronal circuitries of TVR and WBV-IMR are different.
An opinion on the 'delayed spikes' in human motoneurons
(SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600 , NEW YORK, NY 10004, UNITED STATES, 2022) Türker, Kemal Sıtkı
This is a note challenging the claim by Kudina and Andreeva’s recent publication in Experimental Brain Research. In that publication, Kudina and Andreeva (Exp Brain Res 239:719–730, 2021) put forward a new idea about discovering two spiking modes in human motoneurons. We suggest that what they have shown in their publication maybe is the motor unit fring indicating the end of a net synaptic potential. We reason this challenge from our previous publication in the same journal. In that publication, we have shown that the "second spiking mode" after the H-refex was a return to the regular prestimulus discharge rate.
Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion Treatment on the Nasal Floor and Nasal Soft Tissue: Report on 26 Patients
(AVES, BUYUKDERE CAD 105-9, MECIDIYEKOY, SISLI, ISTANBUL 34394, TURKEY, 2022) Ok, Ufuk; Koru, Burcu Ece
Objective: Rapid maxillary expansion may result in transverse and sagittal alterations of the maxilla and base of the nose. rapid maxillary expansion-induced changes in soft and skeletal tissues could influence midfacial aesthetics. In this study, we aimed to determine the shortterm effects of rapid maxillary expansion on the midface soft and skeletal tissue structures by reviewing cone-beam computed tomography imaging retrospectively. Methods: The study included 26 patients who underwent rapid maxillary expansion, of whom 13 were women and 13 were men (mean age 11.29 years; standard deviation 1.56, range 9.5-14.4 years). All selected patients underwent multi-slice cone-beam computed tomography twice; pre-rapid maxillary expansion (T0) and post-rapid maxillary expansion (T1). To compare the T0 and T1 results, 7 skeletal tissues, 4 soft tissues, and 3 angle variables were evaluated. Results: A statistically significant elevation of all variables related to soft (alar base and alar curvature) and skeletal tissues (N-ANS; P < 0.05) was found. Comparisons between T0 and T1 revealed significant changes in the pyriform aperture width (anterior nasal width, posterior nasal width, and anterior nasal floor width; P < .001). When the beta coefficient was considered in simple regression analysis, the difference in the value of anterior nasal floor revealed a positive effect that was 3.91 times that of the change in the al-al alar base width. Conclusion: Rapid maxillary expansion caused significant positional changes in the soft tissues around the nose of young and growing patients. The maxillary transverse width variable, T1-T0 difference, was found to impact the alar base width owing to the effects on the anterior nasal floor. Therefore, the anticipated changes should be explained to patients with pre-rapid maxillary expansion.
Retrospective Analysis of Geriatric Patients Treated with Dental Implants and Implant-Retained Prostheses
(GUNES KITABEVI LTD STI, M RAUF INAN SOK NO 3, ANKARA, SIHHIYE 06410, TURKEY, 2022) Elemek, Eser
Introduction: An increasing number of geriatric patients are being treated with dental implants instead of the conventional complete dentures for enhanced oral health-related quality of life. Therefore, this retrospective study assessed the survival rates and biological and technical complications of implants placed in partially and completely edentulous geriatric patients. Materials and Method: Thirty-six elderly patients (65–80 years) rehabilitated with 105 dental implants and undergoing maintenance therapy at our private practice were included. Demographic data, including patient age, sex, systemic condition, and smoking status, were recorded. The new classification was used to define peri-implant status which was assessed based on bleeding on peri-implant probing, probing depth, suppuration, and peri-implant bone loss. Additionally, the cleanability of the prosthesis, screw-loosening, ceramic chipping, fracture of prosthesis, and their relationship with peri-implantitis were evaluated. Results: The mean age of the patients at implant surgery was 67.8±3.3 years. The implant survival rate was 100% during the mean observation period of 38±26.5 months. Forty-two (40%) implants were diagnosed as healthy, 52 (49.5%) as having peri-implant mucositis, and 11 (10.5%) as having periimplantitis. Smoking and poor oral hygiene were significantly associated with peri-implantitis (p<0.01). Peri-implantitis was also significantly more common around implants in function for >3 years (p<0.01). Conclusion: According to new classification, peri-implantitis is not common in geriatric patients. Implant treatment and implant-retained prostheses can be safely used to improve the quality of life of elderly patients. However, clinicians should plan the surgery and prepare the prosthesis carefully as elderly people may need nursing or domiciliary dental care.

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