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    Exploring the role of conventional energy consumption on environmental quality in Brazil: Evidence from cointegration and conditional causality
    (ELSEVIER, RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2021) Wada, Isah; Faizulayev, Alimshan; Bekun, Festus Victor
    The study explores the nexus between energy, export, import, population and economic growth on environmental quality in Brazil. Hence the long-run equilibrium association and dynamic causality amongst environmental quality—proxy with CO2 emission—energy consumption, trade policy, and population growth in Brazil is empirically estimated. Annual frequency time-series data from 1971 to 2016 is employed within the ARDL bounds testing methodological framework. The conditional Granger causality procedure within the VECM is followed to examine dynamic short-term and long-run causations in the estimated model. Thus, a stable long-run relationship is empirically established in the estimated model. Hence, within the CO2 emission energy-augmented model—via the channel of real GDP per capita, real per capita exports/imports, and population growth—CO2 emissions converge to its long-run equilibrium by an average speed of 37.47% on an annually basis. Additionally, a 1% increase in energy consumption increases CO2 emissions by 1.259%. Similarly, an increase in GDP growth and export worsens environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions by 0.033% and 2.202% respectively. The result of the impulse responses and variance decomposition in response to exogenous shocks in the model collaborate the findings of the ARDL model. Shock to energy use, real GDP per capita, real exports per capita, real imports per capita, and population growth causes changes in environmental quality—both in the short-run and long-run period—with significant implication for environmental conservation in Brazil. The short-run causality supports the imperative of energy for economic growth. Thus, suggests caution in following conservation policy so as not to jeopardize real economic growth, whilst contemplating environmental sustainability in Brazil.
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    Modelling Coal Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Does Asymmetry Matter in the Case of South Africa?
    (Hard, 2023) Bekun, Festus Victor; Etokakpan, Mfonobong Udom; Agboola, Mary Oluwatoyin; Uzuner, Gizem; Wada, Isah
    In accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Kyoto protocol and the United Nations Sustainable development goals (UNSDGs) on climate action (SDG-13), there has been a need across economies for transition from fossil-fuel-based energy sources such as coal energy consumption to cleaner energy options i.e., a transition to a low-carbon economy. To this end, the present study explores the asymmetric relationship between coal energy consumption, economic growth, rising urban population and emission level in South Africa. The present study span is conducted on an annual frequency basis from 1965-2018. This study applies the novel Non-linear Autoregressive distributed lag methodology (NARDL) for the highlighted variables. Empirical results validate the asymmetric relationship between the variables under review over the study period. The NARDL regression further shows positive shock by GDP increases CO2 emission level while negative impact affects otherwise in the long run. On the other hand, coal consumption positive shock exhibits a detrimental impact on environmental quality in South Africa. This is insightful for policymakers. The urban population shows non-significant effect on emission levels over the sampled period. The knowledge of both positive and negative shock effects of GDP, coal energy consumption and urban growth is vital for policy construction in terms of both economic and environmental sustainability. Thus, policy prescription ranges from energy transition to alternative and cleaner energy sources like renewables and responsible energy consumption (SDG-12) should be pursued in South Africa. More far-reaching environmental policies are highlighted in the concluding section.