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Öğe The asymmetric nexus of entrepreneurship and environmental quality in a developing economy(SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600 , NEW YORK, NY 10004, UNITED STATES, 2022) Philip, Lucy Davou; Emir, Fırat; Alola, Andrew AdewaleIn spite of the vital role entrepreneurship plays in an economy, recent observations especially from the perspective of climaterelated economic activities are indications for the inclusive probe of other salient elements responsible for environmental challenges. Considering the aforementioned framework, therefore, this study explores the asymmetric impact of entrepreneurship on the environmental quality for a developing economy such as Turkey. In a unique dimension, this study utilizes the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model with the aid of yearly data from 1985–2016 while incorporating other related determinants of environmental sustainability. The estimation results depict the presence of asymmetric short-run and long-run impact of the explanatory variables on environmental quality. Interestingly, the results confrm a negative impact of entrepreneurial activities, energy utilization, fnancial development, and economic growth on the environmental quality irrespective of the nature (either positive or negative) of the shock in the short and long run. However, a positive (negative) shock in trade openness worsens (improve) environmental quality in the short and long run. Furthermore, the investigation afrms the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for Turkey. The main outcome from this paper shows that entrepreneurship has a crucial efect on the environment of Turkey. Generally, this study suggests the introduction of incentives to motivate the creation of sustainable businesses, technological innovation, and smart cities to mitigate its negative impact on the environment is far begging for critical attention in the country.Öğe Determinants of carbon emissions: nexus among carbon emissions, coal, agriculture, trade and innovations(Springer, 2024) Emir, Firat; Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Philip, Lucy DavouWe study the determinants of India's carbon emissions. India is identified as the third in ranking of global carbon emissions. India's source of energy is mainly fossil fuels of which above average of the energy mix in the country is coal. Considering the position of India in the world emissions, it is paramount to examine the determinants of carbon emissions in the country. We adopt the relevant variables (such as economic growth, coal, agriculture, trade and innovation) and India's data of 1981 to 2019 for clear insight on the key drivers of carbon emissions in India. Our emphasis with regards to the conclusion and policy framing is on the findings from DOLS and granger causality. Findings from DOLS approach show that all the selected variables except the innovation are contributing toward environmental dilapidation through the increase in carbon emissions. Findings from granger causality affirm the findings from DOLS with nexus among the selected variables. This proves that, all explanatory variables are statistically significant determinants of environment and should be considered why framing policies to mitigate pollutions and enhance the environmental state and sustainability.Öğe Environmental implication of energy policies and private and public subsidies on infant mortality rate: a sustainable development study of India(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Emir, Firat; Philip, Lucy DavouIndia has remarkably achieved some level of decline in infant mortality rate and increase in aged person through increase in life expectancy due to improvement on its health care sector but still remain amongst the countries with the highest rate of infant mortality within the Asian countries. Literature on environmental implication remains scarce, and for this we utilised India's data from 1975 to 2020 to research on this topic. Relevant scientific methods (residual Augmented Least Squares - RALS, Engle and Granger - EG, and its newly augmented version - RALS-EG) are adopted in this study. Further, to estimate the long-run elasticities of the regressors, the symmetric analyses, i.e., dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and Engle and Granger causality test techniques, are employed. Findings according to DOLS revealed that renewable energy sources and social (GDP per capita) and public subsidies (general government final consumption expenditure) have lessening effect on infant mortality in India, whilst the private subsidies (gross capital formation), fossil fuels, and carbon dioxide cause an increase in infant mortality in India. This exposes renewable energy source as a mitigating factor in Indian environmental degradation which as well lessen the infant mortality level in India; hence, policy is suggested to be framed on improving renewable energy and health sectors.Öğe Investigating possibility of achieving sustainable development goals through renewable energy, technological innovation, and entrepreneur: a study of global best practice policies(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, 2022) Philip, Lucy Davou; Emir, Fırat; Udemba, Edmund NtomThis study is anchored on the global best practice policies for achieving sustainable goals for Malaysia. Malaysia is among the countries that made commitment at 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference to reduce its carbon emissions by 2030. This is expected to contribute to the country’s sustainable development. Malaysian quarterly data of 1992Q1–2019Q4 with relevant policy-based instruments (renewable energy policy, technological innovations, fnancial development, and entrepreneur activities) are adopted in our study for explicit and clear insight on the subject. Diferent scientifc and analytical methods are equally applied in this study, but the focus and emphasis are laid on the fndings from linear (dynamic ordinary least square, DOLS) and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and Granger causality. Findings from both NARDL and DOLS confrmed the positive shocks of renewable energy policy, technological innovations, fnancial development, and entrepreneur activities are mitigating carbon emissions. Also, inverted U shape of EKC hypothesis is found for Malaysia. Findings from Granger causality support the fndings from both estimates by establishing both feedback and unidirectional causal nexus among the instruments. From the fnding myms, policy-based instruments are mitigating carbon emissions in Malaysia; thus, it will be a very good idea to frame policies around these instruments.Öğe Mitigating poor environmental quality with technology, renewable and entrepreneur policies: A symmetric and asymmetric approaches(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND, 2022) Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Emir, Fırat; Philip, Lucy DavouThis is dual analysis of Turkish sustainable development amidst some high industrial and economic activities. Turkey is currently prioritizing the economic growth to the environmental sustainability and trying to achieve its 2023 goals and place in top 10 economies by date. This action might spark increase in emission level and decrease the environmental quality for both term. For effective and clear analysis, we apply the empirical analyses with both symmetric (dynamic ordinary least square-DOLS) and asymmetric (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL) approaches in short run and the long run periods for policy inferences through forecast. We apply the economic features (entrepreneurs, FDI, technological innovation proxy by R&D, renewable energy and economic growth) of Turkey that are important in determining both economic and environment development of the country to investigate its ability to achieve its climate goals. Turkey's data of 1985e2018 were adopted. Findings from both approaches (symmetric and asymmetric) show that carbon emission can be reduced and good environmental quality obtained through the instruments of renewable energy, technological innovation, FDI and entrepreneurial activities. A nexus is established among the instruments (renewable energy, technological innovation, entrepreneur activities and FDI) pointing towards carbon mitigation for Turkey, and this gives support to the findings from both symmetric and asymmetric approaches. Also, from symmetric analysis with dynamic ordinary least square, EKC is found for the case of Turkey which shows the ability of Turkey achieving its climate goal if right policies are implemented.Öğe Performance and sustainability of environment under entrepreneurial activities, urbanization and renewable energy policies: A dual study of Malaysian climate goal(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND, 2022) Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Philip, Lucy Davou; Emir, FıratWe studied Malaysia's ability to achieve its climate goal amidst high rate of entrepreneurial activities and influx of people from rural to urban cities (urbanization) due to massive and prospective economic activities in the cities. For this, we investigate the impact of urbanization, entrepreneurial activities, and economic growth on its environmental performance. Renewable energy and financial development were also incorporated in the analyses to see if they have mitigating effect on the country's carbon emissions. Malaysian data of 1992Q1 to 2017Q4 were adopted for this study, and we also adopted both linear (dynamic ordinary least square-DOLS) and non-linear (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL) scientific and analytical approaches for better and clear insight from our study. Granger causality is equally applied as a robust check to the findings from DOLS and NARDL through direct inference from the selected variables. Findings from NARDL exposed significant impacts of the selected variables on the carbon emissions. Specifically, entrepreneurial activities, urbanization, financial development and renewables are mitigating carbon emissions, while economic growth is increasing emissions. Findings from DOLS and granger causality support the findings from the NARDL with more light on the trend of impact from economic growth to the Malaysia environment through inverted U-Shape EKC hypothesis. From granger causality nexus is established among the variable of interest in this study. From the findings, policy to mitigate carbon emissions can be framed with renewables, urbanization, entrepreneurial activities and financial activities. Authorities can initiate subsidising policies that will enable both private and public players to invest in energy sector strictly for the purpose of expanding renewable energy source.Öğe Policy insight from renewable energy, foreign direct investment (FDI), and urbanization towards climate goal: insight from Indonesia(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, 2022) Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Philip, Lucy DavouThis study is premised on Indonesia’s climate goal amidst good economic performance. To test the environmental implication of this macroeconomic performance of Indonesia, we adopt Indonesian quarterly data of 1990Q1–2018Q4 for empirical analysis. Relevant instruments in the economic performance of Indonesia such as urbanization, foreign direct investment (FDI), and renewable energy source are all adopted for accurate estimations and analysis of this topic. Diferent approaches (structural break test, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-bounds testing and Granger causality) are all adopted in this study. Our analysis and policy recommendations are based on the short-run and long-run ARDL dynamics and Granger causality. Findings from ARDL confrmed negative relationship between carbon emission and renewable energy source, FDI, and urbanization. Also, a U-shape instead of inverted U-shaped EKC is found confrming the impeding implication of Indonesian economic growth to its environmental performance if not checkmate. From Granger causality analysis, all the variables are seen transmitting to urbanization in a one-way causal relationship. Also, FDI and renewable energy prove to be essential determinants of the country’s environment development; hence, FDI is seen transmitting to both energy sources (fossil fuels and renewables) in a one-way causal relationship. Renewable energy is as well seen having two ways causal relationship with both carbon emission and fossil fuels. This result has equally exposed the signifcant position of the three instruments (urbanization, FDI, and renewable energy source) in Indonesian environment development.
