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    Correlation between long-bone dimensions and body mass in cats
    (POLISH SOC VETERINARY SCIENCES EDITORIAL OFFICEAKADEMICKA 12, 20-950 LUBLIN, POLAND, 2025) Mutlu, Zihni; Chroszcz, Aleksander; Kaya, Didar Aydın; Mutuş, Rıfat; Kartal, Mehmet; Poradowski, Dominik; Onar, Vedat
    Body mass significantly influences morphology in both humans and animals. The relations between the body mass and osteometric measurements of the skeleton can show adaptive changes in the animal skeleton due to body mass changes. This relationship had previously been analysed in dogs. The lack of such studies in cats encouraged us to investigate this topic. Radiogrammetric measurements were performed in live animals of both sexes (16 females and 20 males) in both dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar and mediolateral projections Morphometric measurements were performed for almost all long bones, e.g. the humerus, the tibia, and the fibula. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 21.0 package. It showed that the body mass affected transverse rather than longitudinal dimensions of the selected long bones. Moreover, the sexual dimorphism identified (except for the pelvis) resulted from two sex-related factors (greatest length/body mass). Step regression analysis and estimation of determination coefficients (R2 ) proved that transverse dimensions, such as the smallest breadth of diaphysis in the humerus and the greatest breadth of the distal extremity in the femur, were the most suitable dimensions for body mass estimation. Body mass estimation and the calculations of height at withers, can offer a broader insight into the morphology of animals from past centuries and are important in both palaeontology and archaeozoology. Therefore, descriptions of archaeological cat species, also in terms of height at withers and body mass estimations, afford a more meaningful evaluation of their morphological structure across various historical periods.
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    The Iron Age Dogs from Alaybeyi Höyük, Eastern Anatolia
    (MDPI, ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2021) Siddiq, Abu B.; Onar, Vedat; Mutuş, Rıfat; Poradowski, Dominik
    Zooarchaeological studies on canine skeletal remains are rare. Faunal assemblages from the Near East, including Anatolia, give us a valuable source of information about the role of dogs in the Iron Age society. In the 2016 and 2017 excavations at Alaybeyi Höyük (Eastern Anatolia), over 300 dog bones were unearthed from Iron Age buildings and workshop complex. This study examined 143 specimens that were accessible for morphometric analysis. The zooarchaeological analysis proved that the majority of them came from nine individuals. The dentition and epiphyseal bone fusion further allowed their age estimation (8 adults and 1 juvenile). Two individuals were identified as males and one as female, but the sex of the other individuals was indeterminate. The height at withers estimations and their comparison with other archaeological dogs in Eastern Anatolia as well as modern dog breeds showed that Alaybeyi dogs were significantly larger and heavier. It is also worth highlighting the presence of butchering marks resulting from the consumption of dog meat. Yet, it appeared that cynophagia had only occurred occasionally at Alaybeyi Höyük. To date, little is known about the biological and cultural status of Iron Age dogs in Anatolia. Here, we present a zooarchaeological study of an assemblage of 143 Iron Age dog bones, including two dog skeletons, unearthed from the 2016 and 2017 salvage excavations at Alaybeyi Höyük, Eastern Anatolia. At least eight adults and one juvenile individual, along with a large number of miscellaneous specimens, were identified. The morphological status of the Alaybeyi dogs were primarily compared to previously published Iron Age dogs from Yoncatepe in Eastern Anatolia, and with the average mean of 18 modern dog breeds. Unlike in other Eastern Anatolian Iron Age sites, butcher marks were observed in some specimens, indicating at least occasional cynophagy at the site. Noticeable pathologies were found in about 5% of the sample, particularly pathologies of the oral cavity and dentitions, suggesting that some of the dogs at Alaybeyi Höyük might have been undernourished, had to live on solid food, and probably injured by humans. The results of this study reflect both the morphological and biological status of Alaybeyi dogs, as well as the Alaybeyi people’s attitudes toward dogs, adding vital information to the very limited archaeological knowledge of dogs in Anatolia.