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    Do institutional quality and military expenditure of G20 countries affect green investments?
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2023) Demirtas, Furkan; Kaya, Emine; Bekun, Festus Victor; Citil, Mucahit; Torusdag, Mustafa; Barut, Abdulkadir
    With the increase in awareness of environmental issues, companies and governments try to review their environmental policies. One of the most important policies for protecting the environment is the use of energy sources, which cause less or no harm to the environment. In this study, we examine the effect of institutional quality and the components of this institutional quality on green investments for G-20 countries. For this purpose, we employ static panel data analysis, as a main analysis, and dynamic panel data analysis as a robustness check. According to the main findings, institutional quality positively affects green investments and military spending reduces green investments. Also, robustness checks indicate that the effect of institutional quality and military expenditure of G20 countries on green investments is robust.
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    Environmental sustainability amidst financial inclusion in five fragile economies: Evidence from lens of environmental Kuznets curve
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND, 2023) Barut, Abdulkadir; Kaya, Emine; Bekun, Festus Victor; Cengiz, Sevgi
    Economic growth comes with it environmental trade-off on environmental sustainability. This occurrence is evidence on a global scale as it stems from human anthropogenic activities driven by the consumption of energy sources from fossil-fuel origin. On this premise, the present study focuses on five fragile economies with huge energy and sustainability targets to explore the nexus between economic growth and the environment. The present study is distinct from previous studies in scope by the construct and inclusion of a financial inclusion index with the aid of Principal component analysis (PCA), human development to the economic growth environment argument. To this end to reach evidence-based outcomes second generational panel analysis is employed. The Durbin-Hansen cointegration test traces the long-run equilibrium relationship between the study variables. Subsequently, an augmented mean group (AMG) estimator is employed to explore the relationship between the outlined variables. Furthermore, the present study finds support for the pollution haven hypothesis for the selected fragile economies. The plausible explanation is due to weak trade and environmental treaties in the examined countries. However, the renewable energy human development index help mitigates environ mental degradation. Thus, the present study advocates the need for energy transition and investment into new technological innovation in research and development to attain sustainable development goals and environ mental sustainability resonated in UNSDGs-11,12 and 13. Additionally, financial inclusion plays a vital role in the five fragile energy-environment mixes. The current study presents vital policy directives in the concluding section for individual countries and the entire bloc for more effective policy direction.