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    Enhancing motor performance through brief skin cooling: exploring the role of enhanced sympathetic tone and muscle spindle sensitivity
    (SPRINGER, ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600 , NEW YORK, NY 10004, UNITED STATES, 2025) Çetin, Mert; Kökçe, Mustafa; Karaoğlu, Ayşe; Kalaoğlu, Eser; Kibar, Halime; Sezikli, Selim; Özkan, Mehmet; Türker, Kemal Sıtkı; Karacan, İlhan
    Background Although brief skin cooling (BSC) is widely used in sports medicine and rehabilitation for its positive efects on motor performance, the mechanism underlying this motor facilitation efect remains unclear. Objectives To explore the hypothesis that BSC enhances muscle force generation, with cold-induced sympathetic activation leading to heightened muscle spindle sensitivity, thereby contributing to this efect. Methods The study involved two experiments. Experiment 1 included 14 healthy volunteers. Participants submerged their hand in ice water for 3 min. Sympathetic activity was measured via heart rate (HR), muscle force generation was assessed through plantar fexor strength during maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and cortical contribution to force generation via the volitional wave (V-wave) with and without the cold pressor test (CPT). Experiment-2 involved 11 healthy volunteers and focused on muscle spindle sensitivity and Ia synapse efcacy, assessed using soleus T-refex and H-refex recordings before, during, and after CPT. Results Experiment 1 showed signifcant increases in HR (7.8%), MVC force (14.1%), and V-wave amplitude (93.4%) during CPT compared to pre-CPT values (p=0.001, p=0.03, and p=0.001, respectively). In Experiment-2, hand skin temperature signifcantly decreased during CPT and remained lower than pre-CPT after 15 min (p<0.001). While H-refex and background EMG amplitudes remained unchanged, T-refex amplitude (113.7%) increased signifcantly during CPT and returned to pre-CPT values immediately afterward (p<0.001). A strong correlation was also observed between HR and T-refex amplitude (r=0.916, p=0.001). Conclusion BSC enhances muscle spindle sensitivity via the sympathetic nervous system, promoting more signifcant muscle force generation. The method used in this study can be safely applied in clinical practice.
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    A new method to determine stretch reflex latency
    (WILEY, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ, 2021) Topkara, Betilay; Aydın, Tuğba; Çorum, Mustafa; Karaoğlu, Ayşe; Ekici Zincirci, Dilara; Buğdaycı, Derya S.; Öneş, Kadriye; Paker, Nurdan; Kesiktaş, Nur; Karacan, İlhan; Türker, Kemal Sıtkı
    Introduction/Aims: Motion artifact signals (MASs) created by the relative movement of intramuscular wire electrodes are an indicator of the mechanical stimulus arrival time to the muscle belly. This study proposes a method that uses wire electrodes as an intramuscular mechanosensor to determine the stretch reflex (SR) latency without lag time. Methods: Gastrocnemius SR was induced by tendon tap, heel tap, and forefoot tap. The MASs recorded by intramuscular wire electrodes were extracted from background electromyographic activity using the spike-triggered averaging technique. Simultaneous recordings were obtained from multiple sites to validate the MAS technique. Results: Using intramuscular wire electrodes, the MASs were successfully determined and extracted for all stimulus sites. In the records from the rectus femoris, MASs were also successfully extracted; thus, the reflex latency could be calculated. Discussion: Wire electrodes can be used as an intramuscular mechanosensor to determine the mechanical stimulus arrival time to the muscle belly.