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Öğe Assessing sustainable development with the forces of technological innovation, entrepreneurial activity and energy consumption: Insight from asymmetric and bootstrap causality methods(SAGE Publications Inc., 2023) Hussain, Sadam; Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Emir, Firat; Khan, Nazakat-Ullah; Chammam, Wathek; Riahi, AnisThis is a sustainable study of China amidst high carbon emissions. China has experienced tremendous increase in its economic operations and development which involve the excessive utilization of fossil fuel energy sources. This has put China in the list of nations that contribute towards global warming via carbon emission. On this note, data from China over the period 2002Q1–2019Q4 is analyzed, using multiple techniques (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL, fully modified ordinary least square-FMOLS, and bootstrap approach of Granger causality) for clear insight into China's sustainable development. Relevant instruments (technological innovation, entrepreneurial activities, economic growth proxied by GDP, fossil fuel energy consumption, and FDI) are used to measure China's economic and environmental performance to determine the level of sustainable development of the country. NARDL and FMOLS results reveal that technological innovation and entrepreneurial activity mitigate carbon emissions, while fossil fuels and economic growth induce China's carbon emissions. Also, findings from the bootstrap approach affirm the NARDL and FMOLS outcomes, with both two-way and one-way nexus established among the selected variables. Policies targeting the reduction of fossil fuel consumption in China despite the technological innovations and entrepreneurial activities are thus recommended. © The Author(s) 2023.Öğe Interactions among technological innovation, foreign direct investment, and agriculture: A symmetric and asymmetric study of inclusive sustainable development(SAGE Publications Inc., 2022) Emir, Firat; Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Khan, Nazakat-Ullah; Hussain, SadamThis study examines the Indian inclusive sustainable development. India ranked third in global carbon emissions amidst its economic performance. This tells more about one-sided sustainable development policy of the country. With this trend of development anchored only on Indian economic activities, we consider it important to research the economy with instruments (such as technological innovation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and agriculture) that are unique to the country. India's data from 1980 to 2019 are applied to this study with two models for testing both economic and environmental developments. We utilized two scientific methods (non-linear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS)) to demonstrate both symmetric and asymmetric technical analyses. Findings from NARDL show that technological innovation and FDI are mitigating carbon emissions, while economic growth and agriculture are increasing carbon emissions thereby impacting negatively the environment. Also, the result from the economic model confirms that all variables are impacting favorably on economic development except carbon emission. The findings from DOLS support the findings from NARDL. The result confirmed that India is yet to attain inclusive sustainable development, however, it is evident that with the right policy framed on tech innovation and FDI, the country could attain balanced sustainable development. Having seen, the dual capacity of both technological innovation and FDI toward strengthening both the economy and environment, it is worthy to consider these instruments as among the sustainable policies. © The Author(s) 2022.Öğe A look into sustainable development goal amidst technological innovation, financial development and natural resources: a symmetry and asymmetry analyses(Springer, 2023) Khan, Nazakat-Ullah; Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Emir, Firat; Hussain, SadamAlgeria is one of the North African countries endowed with abundant natural resource mostly on oil and gas. Because of its richness in natural resource, most of its economic activities and development (including economic and environment) are dependent and determined by its natural resources. Due to Algeria's rising dependence on natural resource rents, the country's long-term development and environmental policy toward its sustainable development goals (SDGs) have been seriously questioned. For this reason, the objective of this study is to examine the Algeria's sustainable development goals amidst its heavy dependence on natural resources. We applied Algeria's data of 1980 to 2019 with a dual and novel scientific approaches (linear/dynamic ordinary least square-DOLS, and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag-NARDL) for insightful analysis of this subject. A trio indicator of natural resources, technological innovation and financial development is utilized in this study for a direct overview of their impact on Algeria inclusive sustainable development goals. Findings from the two approaches showed that technological innovation, financial development and natural resources reduce carbon emission and increase economic growth, respectively. Hence, sustainable development goals are achievable for the case of Algeria if policy is framed around innovation, financial development and natural resource. With this, policy framing toward sustainable development goals should focus on increasing technological innovation through financial development which will transcend to improvement on both environment and economic situation of Algeria. Some financial policies such as subsidy from government in financing research projects, and lifting embargo on loan through reduction in interest rate and increase on financial literacy through sensitization on how to go about securing loans are to be considered when framing lasting policies targeting the Algeria's SDGs.Öğe Mediating role of finance amidst resource and energy policies in carbon control: A sustainable development study of Saudi Arabia(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Shi, Lumin; Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Emir, Firat; Khan, Nazakat Ullah; Hussain, Sadam; Boukhris, ImedThis study examines how best to achieve inclusive sustainable development and meeting of carbon target in Saudi Arabia. With a track record of high economic performance due to its richness in natural resources, specifically oil resources, Saudi Arabia is characterized by heavy economic activities that are anchored on natural resources and excessive energy utilization. Two scientific approaches, non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), are adopted to analyze annual data spanning the period 1990-2019. Also, policy-based variables (financial development, renewable energy and natural resources) are selected for the analyses. Findings from NARDL show that carbon emission (CO2) is reduced by a positive shock to both financial development and renewable energy, and increased by an adverse shock to financial development and renewable energy. However, a positive shock to both economic growth and natural resources increases carbon emission, thereby impacting negatively on the environment. Quantitatively, for every 1% increase in natural resource rent, the environmental quality worsens by 0.093%. Additionally, the country's average CO2 emission level increases by 1.093% for every 1% increase in economic growth, thus lowering long-term envi-ronmental quality. Findings from DOLS align with the findings from NARDL, thereby supporting the moderating effects of financial development and renewable energy. The study findings suggest policies based on finance and renewable energy to aid sustainable development.Öğe Policy inference from technological innovation, renewable energy, and fnancial development for sustainable development goals (SDGs): insight from asymmetric and bootstrap Granger causality approaches(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, 2022) Udemba, Edmund Ntom; Emir, Fırat; Khan, Nazakat-Ullah; Hussain, SadamWe researched China’s climate and sustainable development goal with relevant and susceptible instruments capable of inducing and mitigating carbon emissions. Amidst the contributor to the global carbon emissions, China is caught in between mitigating its carbon emission and aiming towards placing its national contribution of emissions to the acceptable levels of 1.5 °C and below 2 °C. Following the intricacies surrounding China’s sustainable development as it contains its economic and environmental performance, we adopt China’s data of 1980 and 2018 with diferent scientifc approaches (nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), dynamic ordinary least square test, and bootstrap Granger causality) with diferent instruments (such as economic growth, fnancial development, renewable energy, and innovation policies) to research China’s sustainable development. For clear exposition and insight into our fndings with policies attached, we draw a conclusion from the outcomes of the mentioned approaches. From NARDL and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), we fnd that economic growth through economic activities is statistically signifcant in determining the trend (increase) of carbon emissions in China in both periods (short run and long run). However, other selected instruments (fnancial, renewable, and innovation policies) tend towards controlling and moderating the carbon emissions in China. Thus, China has good prospects to mitigate its carbon emissions if considered tailoring its policies towards favorable instruments. From bootstrap Granger causality, we fnd similar inferential results that support previous fndings thereby confrming the positive implication of the selected instruments to China’s sustainable development. Hence, the nexus that is established among the selected instruments clearly show the importance of technological innovation and renewable energy in mitigating carbon emissions.
