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Öğe Critical aspects of wind energy systems in smart grid applications(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND, 2015-08-10) Çolak, İlhami; Fulli, Gianluca; Bayhan, Sertaç; Chondrogiannis, Stamatios; Demirbaş, ŞevkiWind energy is an important contributor of modern power systems as a renewable energy source. However, wind energy poses new challenges because of its unique characteristics, such as limited predictability, short-term and long-term variability and close-to-zero marginal cost. This paper puts forward the critical aspects of wind energy systems in respect to the transformation of the power system into a "smart grid". Issues discussed include the electro-mechanical matters like the selection of wind turbine technology, the structure of wind system, the robustness of mechanical parts (gear box and blades) and fault diagnosis. In addition, the system operational challenges such as complexity, instability, unbalance loading, grid interactive problems and impact of wind energy on power system are discussed in this paper. Moreover, the economical subjects such as investment costs and energy management, communication requirements, and security are involved as important titles. Finally, environmental aspects of wind energy are also highlighted to show that the wind energy is an environmentally friendly energy source since it is sustainable, clean and safe. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Smart grid projects in Europe: Current status, maturity and future scenarios(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2015) Colak, Ilhami; Fulli, Gianluca; Sagiroglu, Seref; Yesilbudak, Mehmet; Covrig, Catalin-FelixThe attention on the smart grids and smart grid technologies has grown significantly over the last few years. The analysis made in this study is grounded on the smart grid projects database of the Joint Research Centre (European Commission). The European smart grid projects are analyzed among others in terms of: number, countries, duration and collaboration. Additionally, an analysis is done regarding the annual number of starting and concluded/planned to be concluded projects, the total number of participants per year, the distribution of smart grid applications per stage of development, year and EU country and an overview of the investments in the European smart grid projects is provided. Afterwards a forecast is done regarding the number of projects. As a result of graphical and predictive analyses, many essential inferences are achieved related to the current status and the anticipated short-term trends of smart grid projects. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A survey on the contributions of power electronics to smart grid systems(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2015) Colak, Ilhami; Kabalci, Ersan; Fulli, Gianluca; Lazarou, StavrosThe smart grid (SG) as a research area is advancing dealing with a wider range of topics such as power systems, energy generation and telecommunication. The conventional utility grid is used to operate in a passive mode absorbing energy from the substations and delivering it to the customers. This approach is well developed but the needs of the state-of-the-art technology require a bidirectional flow of power and data. Nevertheless, smart grid systems provide more flexible, reliable, sustainable, secure and two-way communication service. Especially, integration of renewable energy sources, electrical vehicles and distributed generations (DG) into network can be achieved in an efficient way in smart grid systems. Moreover, control and monitoring capabilities, automatic configuration of the grid, and active involvement of consumers in energy production extend the importance of smart grids. All these positive aspects of smart grids have been attained by integration of power electronics and telecommunication technologies with the grid. This study deals with contributions of power electronics to SG in the context of generation, conversion, distribution, and control of power. The recent power electronic devices and systems adapted to SG are also introduced in detail with several power control methods. Moreover, the renewable energy sources (RESs), which are an extensively studied topic of power engineering and their integration to smart grid, are also surveyed in terms of DG units, control and management features. Thus, a particular section is dedicated to RES utilization in SG covering almost all aspects of a monotype and hybrid energy plants. Finally, the survey is carried on by reviewing the most recent and comprehensive articles to highlight the importance of power electronics in a logical way in the smart grids for readers. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A survey on the critical issues in smart grid technologies(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2016) Colak, Ilhami; Sagiroglu, Seref; Fulli, Gianluca; Yesilbudak, Mehmet; Covrig, Catalin-FelixThe hierarchical and the centrally-controlled grid topology of existing electrical power systems has remained unchanged over the 20th century. On the other hand, there is a rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels coupled with the inability of utility companies to expand their generation capacity in line with the rising electricity demand, without modernizing the grid. For these reasons, it is needed to modernize the existing power grids and consequently smart power grids have emerged. Unlike the benefits and features ensured by smart grids, this paper provides a detailed survey of the critical challenges in smart grids in terms of information and communication technologies, sensing, measurement, control and automation technologies, power electronics and energy storage technologies. It is expected that this paper will lead to the better understanding of potential constraints in smart grid technologies. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
