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    The Importance of Programmed Death Ligand 1 Gene Expression, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutations and Serum Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Levels in Turkish Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
    (Editor of the Journal of Turkish Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2018-03-12) Turna, Akif; Horozoğlu, Cem; Koç Erbaşoğlu, Öncü; Ercan, Şeyda; Küçükhüseyin, Özlem; Turan, Saime; Hakan, Mehmet Tolgahan; Kara, Hasan Volkan; Hekimoğlu, Elvin; Zeybek, Ümit; Coşkunpınar, Ender; Cacına, Canan; Ergen, Arzu; Yaylım, İlhan
    This study aims to investigate the possible relationships between epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations, serum epidermal growth factor receptor levels, programmed death ligand gene expression levels and the risks and survivals of resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. Deoxyribonucleic acid isolation was performed from peripheral blood samples and tumor tissues. The mutation analysis was performed for epidermal growth factor receptor. Programmed death ligand 1 gene expression levels were examined pathologically and histopathologically following the tissue tracing of 36 non-small cell lung cancer patients (29 males, 7 females; mean age 60.1 years; range, 41 to 79 years) and analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Epidermal growth factor receptor serum levels were assessed in all patients. As a result of mutation analyses in 21 patients (28.5% of all adenocarcinoma patients), epidermal growth factor receptor mutation was determined in at least one exon in six patients. In epidermal growth factor receptor mutation detected patients, programmed death ligand 1 gene expression levels were associated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.036). However, epidermal growth factor receptor mutations were not statistically significantly associated according to histopathological examination (p>0.05). Of patients carrying exon 20 (c.2303G>T) mutations, 25% had tumors with perineural invasion. There was a statistically significant association between exon 20 insertions and c.2303G>T and lymphatic invasion (p=0.02), lymph node metastasis and exon 20 insertions (p=0.03). Patients with lower serum epidermal growth factor receptor levels (<400 pg/mL) had better survival time than those with higher serum epidermal growth factor receptor levels (p=0.04). Programmed death ligand 1 gene expression and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation might have a combined effect on non-small cell lung cancer. Programmed death ligand 1 gene expression in tumor pathology may also be a significant feature for tumor progression and tumorigenesis. Serum epidermal growth factor receptor levels seem to be associated with survival.
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    A Study of Short- and Long-term mRNA Levels of the Retn, Iapp, and Drd5 Genes in Obese Mice Induced with High-fat Diet
    (INT INST ANTICANCER RESEARCH, EDITORIAL OFFICE 1ST KM KAPANDRITIOU-KALAMOU RD KAPANDRITI, PO BOX 22, ATHENS 19014, GREECE, 2018) Tımırcı Kahraman, Özlem; Yılmaz, Ümit; Yılmaz, Nesibe; Çevik, Aydın; Horozoğlu, Cem; Çelik, Faruk; Gökçe, Muhammed Oğuz; Ergen, Arzu; Melekoğlu, Abdullah; Zeybek, Ümit
    Background/Aim: Adipocyte gene expression is altered in obese individuals through multiple metabolic and biochemical pathways. In this study, we aimed to examine the expression of resistin (Retn), amylin (Iapp), and dopamine receptor domain 5 (Drd5) genes previously suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, albeit controversially. We also aimed to determine the effects on short and long-term mRNA levels of these genes in obese mice, induced with high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: Two obesity models were created in our study: group T1 (20 mice) was fed with HFD (60% fat) for 3 months, and group T2 (20 mice) was fed with HFD (60% fat) for 6 months. The control group T0 (20 mice) was fed with a diet of 10% kcal fat supplement for 6 months. At the end of the experiment, their adipose tissues were dissected surgically. Tissue samples of each group were pooled for RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis was carried out and the mRNA levels were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum resistin levels were measured using multiplex bead (luminex) technology for validation. Results: In T2 mice, the mRNA expression of Retn showed a moderate up-regulation (fold change=8.32; p=0.0019) in the adipose tissues. Iapp expression was also significantly up-regulated (fold change=9.78; p=0.012). Moreover, a 6.36-fold upregulation for Drd5 was observed in the adipose tissues of T2 mice (p<0.001). At the same time, serum levels of resistin were found to be high in T1 and T2 mice compared to the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.024, respectively). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the mRNA levels of the genetic markers considered to play a role in adipogenesis were different in short- and long-term obesity models formed in C57BL/6J mice using HFD.