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  • Küçük Resim
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    Determination of 16 European Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Doner Kebab Varieties Cooked Under Different Heating Sources
    (MDPI, ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND, 2024) Akkaya, Esra; Çolak, Hilal; Hampikyan, Hamparsun; Çakmak Sancar, Burcu; Akhan, Meryem; Engin, Ayşe Seray; Çetin, Ömer; Bingöl, Enver Barış
    Doner kebab is a traditional Turkish meat product produced from lamb, beef or poultry meat seasoned with a blend of spices such as salt, black pepper, cumin, thyme and/or sauces. The aim of this study was to determine 16 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in doner kebabs cooked under four different heating sources (electricity, open gas, wood and charcoal grilling). For this purpose, 200 meat doner and 200 chicken doner kebab samples were obtained randomly from various buffets and restaurants located in Istanbul and analyzed by means of GC-MS. According to the results, benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 levels, which are important PAH compounds as biomarkers, were significantly higher in chicken doner than in meat doner (p < 0.05). The highest occurrence of benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 in meat and chicken doner samples was in the charcoal heating source, whereas the lowest occurrence was detected in electric grilling. In terms of all PAH compounds, cooking with an electric heating source caused the formation of fewer PAH compounds in doner kebab samples. Consequently, the fat content of fatty meat products such as doner kebab should be reduced, the contact of fat with the heating source (especially flame) and dripping of fat to the source should be prevented and overcooking of meat should be avoided.
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    Effect of Thermosonication on Amino Acids, Phenolic Compounds, Sensory Properties and Microbial Quality in Freshly Squeezed Verjuice
    (Mdpi, 2023) Col, Basak Gokce; Akhan, Meryem; Sancar, Burcu Cakmak; Turkol, Melikenur; Yikmis, Seydi; Hecer, Canan
    Thermosonication is a process that can be used as an alternative to thermal pasteurization by combining mild temperature and ultrasound treatments. This study evaluated the effects of verjuice on the thermosonication process and its bioactive values modeled with the RSM (response surface method). The bioactive components of verjuice were found to increase with high predictive values. Additionally, the presence and amounts of 20 free amino acids in C-VJ (untreated verjuice), P-VJ (thermally pasteurized verjuice) and TS-VJ (thermosonicated verjuice) samples were investigated. Significant (p < 0.05) differences were detected among C-VJ, P-VJ and TS-VJ samples in all free amino acid values except methionine. Although 17 free amino acids were detected at various concentrations, glycine, taurine and cystine were not found in any samples. Thirteen phenolic filters in C-VJ, P-VJ and TS-VJ samples were also examined in this study. Eight phenolic donors with various abilities were detected in the C-VJ sample, along with nine phenolic acceptors in the P-VJ sample and eleven phenolic contents in the TS-VJ sample. The content of phenolic products in the TS-VJ sample increased by 37.5% compared to the C-VJ techniques and by 22.22% compared to the P-VJ techniques. Thermosonication did not significantly affect color and physiochemical values. Panelists generally appreciated the effects of thermosonication. It is concluded that the thermosonication process is a good alternative to thermal pasteurization. The results of this study provide essential data for future in vivo studies and show that the bioactive values of verjuice can be increased by using the thermosonication process.
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    Mikrobiyal Pigmentlerin Gıdalarda Renklendirici Olarak Kullanılması
    (İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2023) Çakmak Sancar, Burcu; Öztürk, Muhsin; Akhan, Meryem; Ergün, Özer
    Günümüzde tüketicilerin sentetik gıda boyaları ile ilgili olumsuz düşüncelerinin yaygınlaşması doğal kaynaklardan elde edilen renklendiricilere olan talebi artırmıştır. Doğal kaynaklı renklendiriciler bitki, hayvan ve mikroorganizmalardan elde edilmektedir ve biyorenklendirici olarak ifade edilmektedir. Bunlardan mikroorganizmalardan elde edilen pigmentler, sağlık üzerine yararlı etkileri ve üretimdeki çeşitli avantajları sebebiyle tercih edilmektedir. Çeşitli mikroorganizmalar (Monascus, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Paracoccus, Streptomyces, Penicillium, Rhodotarula, Brevibacterium vb. mikroorganizmaların çeşitli türleri) pigment üretme yeteneğine sahiptir; ?-karoten, arpink red, riboflavin, monascus pigmenti, prodigiosin ve likopen başlıca üretilen pigmentlerdir. Mikrobiyal pigmentlerin, kolay ekstrakte edilebilmeleri, üretim maliyetlerinin düşük olması, hammadde sorunu olmaması, çevre dostu olmaları gibi çeşitli avantajları mevcuttur. Bununla birlikte bazı mikrobiyal pigmentlerin suda çözünmemesi, farklı pH koşulları altında renk değişiklikleri göstermeleri, tat değişikliğine yol açmaları, daha sınırlı renk yelpazelerinin olması gibi dezavantajları da vardır. Bu derleme mikroorganizmaların gıdalarda kullanılan renk pigmentleri ile ilgili temel bilgileri sunmaktadır.