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    Generation of energy and environmental-economic growth consequences: Is there any difference across transition economies?
    (ELSEVIER, RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 2020) Adedoyin, Festus Fatai; Abubakar, Isah Funtua; Bekun, Festus Victor; Sarkodie, Samuel Asumadu
    One of the European Union’s (EU) membership conditions includes an ambitious energy policy objective such as energy security, environmental protection and diversification using renewables. However, the impact of the energy policy on environmental sustainability is yet to be assessed. In line with EU energy policy, we investigate the nexus between energy generation and CO2 emissions in three blocs of countries namely Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and New Member States (NMS) from 1992–2014. The experimental exercise was conducted using the Generalized Method of Moment. The empirical results show that a 1% increase in renewable energy generation increases CO2 emissions in CIS countries by 0.04% and CEE countries by 0.02% respectively, but decreases CO2 emissions by 0.02% in NMS countries. Both subsamples of NMS and CIS countries conform to the inverted U-shape of the EKC hypothesis. However, the results of the subsample of CEE countries do not uphold the EKC hypothesis. This, suggests that environmental consequences of sustained economic growth in CEE countries does not increase pollutant emissions. Thus, we conclude that there exists a difference in the level of environmental degradation across the blocs. This study highlights the need to embark on decarbonized economic agenda that prioritizes clean environment.
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    Structural breaks in CO2 emissions: Are they caused by climate change protests or other factors?
    (ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND, 2020) Adedoyin, Festus Fatai; Öztürk, İlhan; Abubakar, Isah Funtua; Kumeka, Terver Theophilus; Folarin, Oludele; Bekun, Festus Victor
    In recent times, there has been increase in climate change protest across the globe. However, whether decrease in emissions is connected with climate change protest or not is yet to be documented in the literature. Consequently, the aim of this study is to fill this gap by examining ex-post detection of how climate change protests and its interconnectedness with CO2 emissions. Using the Bai and Perron (1998) structural break test, we estimate the number of breaks as well as the date of such structural breaks in CO2 emissions series for 41 countries. Our aim is to match the date of the climate change protests to those of the structural breaks. We observe that climate change protests are fairly consistent with the dates of breaks in Europe and Asia, but not in BRICS economies or US, Canada and other countries. Therefore, this method allows us to solve a gap in the energy industry related to the modelling and correct allocation of positive shocks in CO2 emissions to climate change protests.