Exploration on terrorism, ecological footprint and environmental sustainability in countries with the most terrorism antecedent: Accessing evidence from panel fourier analysis
Özet
Amidst increased concerns for global security and ecological balance, the intricate interconnectedness between terrorism and environmental sustainability has attracted significant attention in
the existing literature. To this end, the present study explores the interaction among environmental degradation, terrorism, and foreign direct investments in 17 countries with the most
terrorism antecedents over the 2002–2018 period through the Panel Fourier cointegration test
and the Panel Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The present study also leverages recent and
robust panel analysis for evidence-based results and inferences for policy formulation. The panel
Fourier cointegration test presents the cointegration relationship between the outline variables
under review. Empirical findings highlight that terrorism does not have a significant influence on
the ecological footprint. However, foreign direct investment has a positive influence on the
ecological footprint. These findings have implications for environmental sustainability and
foreign direct investment inflows in the bloc investigated. More insights are discussed in the
concluding section with policy caveats.
