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Prof. Dr. Baris SEVIM Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTAS Asst. Prof. Dr. Yalcin CEKIC Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali ETEMADI Publication Board Prof. Dr. Mustafa BAYRAM Prof. Dr. Nuri KURUOGLU Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTAS Asst. Prof. Dr. Yalcin CEKIC Asst. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Akif SENOL Layout Editor Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTAS Copyeditor Res. Asst. Mehmet Ali BARISKAN Proofreader Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTAS Contributor Ahmet Senol ARMAGAN Cover Design Mustafa FIDAN Tarık Kaan YAGAN iv Editorial Board Professor Abdelghani AISSAOUI, University of Bechar, Algeria Professor Gheorghe-Daniel ANDREESCU, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Romania Associate Professor Juan Ignacio ARRIBAS, Universidad Valladolid, Spain Professor Goce ARSOV, SS Cyril and Methodius University, Macedonia Professor Mustafa BAYRAM, Istanbul Gelisim University, Turkey Associate Professor K. Nur BEKIROGLU, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Professor Maria CARMEZIM, EST Setúbal/Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal Professor Luis COELHO, EST Setúbal/Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal Professor Filote CONSTANTIN, Stefan cel Mare University, Romania Professor Mamadou Lamina DOUMBIA, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, Canada Professor Tsuyoshi HIGUCHI, Nagasaki University, Japan Professor Dan IONEL, Regal Beloit Corp. and University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, United States Professor Luis M. San JOSE-REVUELTA, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain Professor Vladimir KATIC, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Professor Fujio KUROKAWA, Nagasaki University, Japan Professor Salman KURTULAN, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Professor João MARTINS, University/Institution: FCT/UNL, Portugal Professor Ahmed MASMOUDI, University of Sfax, Tunisia Professor Marija MIROSEVIC, University of Dubrovnik, Croatia Professor Mato MISKOVIC, HEP Group, Croatia Professor Isamu MORIGUCHI, Nagasaki University, Japan Professor Adel NASIRI, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, United States Professor Tamara NESTOROVIĆ, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany Professor Nilesh PATEL, Oakland University, United States Professor Victor Fernão PIRES, ESTSetúbal/Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Portugal Professor Miguel A. SANZ-BOBI, Comillas Pontifical University /Engineering School, Spain Professor Dragan ŠEŠLIJA, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Professor Branko SKORIC, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Professor Tadashi SUETSUGU, Fukuoka University, Japan Professor Takaharu TAKESHITA, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan Professor Yoshito TANAKA, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Japan v Professor Stanimir VALTCHEV, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, (Portugal) + Burgas Free University, (Bulgaria) Professor Birsen YAZICI, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, United States Professor Mohammad ZAMI, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia Associate Professor Lale T. ERGENE, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Associate Professor Leila PARSA, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, United States Associate Professor Yuichiro SHIBATA, Nagasaki University, Japan Associate Professor Kiruba SIVASUBRAMANIAM HARAN, University of Illinois, United States Associate Professor Yilmaz SOZER, University of Akron, United States Associate Professor Mohammad TAHA, Rafik Hariri University (RHU), Lebanon Assistant Professor Kyungnam KO, Jeju National University, Republic of Korea Assistant Professor Hidenori MARUTA, Nagasaki University, Japan Assistant Professor Hulya OBDAN, Istanbul Yildiz Technical University, Turkey Assistant Professor Mehmet Akif SENOL, Istanbul Gelisim University, Turkey Dr. Jorge Guillermo CALDERÓN-GUIZAR, Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Mexico Dr. Rafael CASTELLANOS-BUSTAMANTE, Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Mexico Dr. Guray GUVEN, Conductive Technologies Inc., United States Dr. Tuncay KAMAS, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Turkey Dr. Nobumasa MATSUI, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan Dr. Cristea MIRON, Politehnica University in Bucharest, Romania Dr. Hiroyuki OSUGA, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan Dr. Youcef SOUFI, University of Tébessa, Algeria Dr. Hector ZELAYA, ABB Corporate Research, Sweden vi From the Editor Dear Colleagues, On behalf of the editorial board of International Journal of Engineering Technologies (IJET), I would like to share our happiness to publish the fourteenth issue of IJET. My special thanks are for members of Editorial Board, Publication Board, Editorial Team, Referees, Authors and other technical staff. Please find the fourteenth issue of International Journal of Engineering Technologies at http://ijet.gelisim.edu.tr or http://dergipark.gov.tr/ijet. We invite you to review the Table of Contents by visiting our web site and review articles and items of interest. IJET will continue to publish high level scientific research papers in the field of Engineering Technologies as an international peer-reviewed scientific and academic journal of Istanbul Gelisim University. Thanks for your continuing interest in our work, Professor Mustafa BAYRAM Istanbul Gelisim University mbayram@gelisim.edu.tr -------------------------------------------- http://ijet.gelisim.edu.tr http://dergipark.gov.tr/ijet Printed ISSN: 2149-0104 e-ISSN: 2149-5262 vii viii Table of Contents Page From the Editor vii Table of Contents ix  Application of Genetic Algorithm to Solar Panel Efficiency; A Case Study of Port-Harcourt Metropolis / 60-69 Roland Uhunmwangho, Berebon Victor Leesi, Ameze Big-Alabo  Comparative Experimental FWA & FOWA Aggregated VLCSPPs' LUR Estimation for GIS Based VEED / 70-80 Burak Omer Saracoglu  Information Systems for Repair Alternatives and Initial Cost Estimation of Damaged Building Structures / 81-89 Can Balkaya  Investigation of Natural Frequency for Continuous Steel Bridges with Variable Cross-sections by using Finite Element Method / 90-102 Hüseyin Sağlık, Bilge Doran, Can Balkaya  A General Approach to Accreditation of Environmental Laboratories in Turkey / 103-107 Perihan Akan, Ozlem Muge Testik  Investigation on Industry 4.0 and Virtual Commissioning / 108-114 Akın Aras, Murat Ayaz, Engin Özdemir, Nurettin Abut  A Novel Method for Increasing the Noise Immunity of Military Radio Systems via Self-Tuned Phased Array Antennas / 115-118 Yalcin İsayev, Mustafa Emre Aydemir, Ahed İsayev, L.H. Mammadova  Analysis of a Soft Switching High Voltage Gain DC/DC Boost Converter for PV Systems / 119-123 Sarah Al-Hajm, Mehmet Ucar  A Parallel Iterated Local Search Algorithm on GPUs for Quadratic Assignment Problem / 124-128 Erdener Özçetin, Gürkan Öztürk ix International Journal of Engineering Technologies, IJET e-Mail: ijet@gelisim.edu.tr Web site: http://ijet.gelisim.edu.tr http://dergipark.gov.tr/ijet Twitter: @IJETJOURNAL x INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 Application of Genetic Algorithm to Solar Panel Efficiency; A Case Study of Port-Harcourt Metropolis Roland Uhunmwangho*, Berebon Victor Leesi *‡ and Ameze Big-Alabo* *Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University of Port-Harcourt East-West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, P.M.B. 5323 tripodeng@yahoo.com, adokorvictor@gmail.com, ameze.odia@uniport.edu.ng ‡ Corresponding Author; Second Author, Tel: +234(0)8030975526, Received: 09.12.2017 Accepted: 16.04.2018 Abstract This study focuses on the evaluation of solar panel efficiency used within Port Harcourt environment. A major factor affecting the efficiency of solar panels is the difference in region or weather and the ability of the solar panel to convert incident radiation into electrical energy. Solar panels have varying efficiency levels under different weather conditions. Most times solar panels fall short of expected efficiencies. It is therefore important to have adequate knowledge of the performance characteristics of a panel under specific weather to ensure maximum output. For this research work, the panel whose efficiency was evaluated is China Solar 125W. The panel is a Polycrystalline solar panel made of Gallium Arsenide having a very high surface recombination ability. The panel has 72cells and a cross sectional area of… To evaluate the efficiency of the panel two methods were adopted to establish the response of the panel specific to Port Harcourt weather. The first method involved taking hourly reading of the parameters of the panel by subjecting the panel to outdoor atmospheric condition and recording the values obtained and comparing the result with that on the manufacturers sheet. The second method involved the collection of weather data. The weather data for Port-Harcourt was collected from the center for data collation Rivers State University. The peak radiation value obtained from the weather data for the year under consideration is used to calculate the efficiency of the panel and the value obtained compared with the maximum efficiency stipulated by the manufacturer. This efficiency was found to be low. Genetic Algorithm was then used to determine the optimal parameters of the cells making up the panel to obtain an optimized cell to improve the efficiency of the panel. To do this the cell initial properties were extracted and tabulated genetic algorithm used to improve this properties achieving better efficiency in the process. Keywords: Genetic Algorithm, Solar Panels, Weather, Optimization, Efficiency. 1. Introduction the sun. In order to harness this energy effectively the use of The issue of power generation still remains remarkably an specially designed solar panels is required. Solar panels are issue of concern especially in the developing countries. The made of solar cells designed to trap incoming solar radiation current practice in the electrical industry according to Balzhiser and convert them into useful energy in the form of electricity. and Richard (1977) favors a shift from the conventional power The efficiency of the solar cell is very important in defining the generation techniques to a much more modern one, (renewable overall performance of the panels itself. energy). Chief among the various renewable energy sources is 60 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 1.1 Aim and Objectives though is that it is not suitable for power calculation in real The aim of this research work is to improve the efficiency world situation. solar panels using genetic algorithm. The objectives are: Genetic algorithm is defined as a robust search parameter To evaluate the selected solar panel for cell efficiency. technique that is based on Darwins principle of natural To use genetic algorithm to determine the most appropriate selection and survival of the fittest (Anisha et al 2014). Genetic parameters of the cell to give maximum efficiency. algorithm differs from the conventional algorithms in the sense that it can handle a larger set of data than the conventional 1.2 Limitation algorithm. This makes Genetic algorithms to more robust in The cell efficiency is influenced by a number of factors nature than the conventional method. Genetic algorithms are including the weather of the immediate environment of also very easy to use (as compared to the other methods). This installation. Panel performance in Port Harcourt is found to be is because genetic algorithms eliminate the burden of solving usually poor and therefore an improvement in the efficiency of complex derivatives associated with differential algorithms. the panel is desired if proper use is to be made of the abundance of sunlight that characterizes this place. Several methods have been used to optimize one aspect of solar photovoltaic systems or another with huge success for 2. Literature Review instance, Nanget2010 carried out a research with the aim of In the design of photo voltaic systems, the major challenge establishing the correct angle of tilt for a solar panel to attract has always been to optimize the panel for better efficiency. maximum sunlight. In Nangets work differential algorithm was Therefore, several methods have been employed to attempt an employed with success and it was established that inclining improvement in one aspect or the other using different panels relative to the sun produced better result and hence applications. Among these methods the most popular been aided in the improvement of efficiency. However, the difference in latitude means no angle is absolutely ideal. HOMER PRO, PVPLANNER, and PV-F CHART. Therefore, panel installers still have to maximize output by HOMER PRO locating and placing the panels at the correct angle within the This is most suitable for micro grid systems; it is not installation site. designed specifically for pv systems. Though it has the Rizala, Hasta and Feriyadi (2013) in their research applied capacity to accommodate a large amount of data, it’s major genetic algorithm successfully to track sunlight. This method short coming is the fact that it presents results of pv system ensures maximum ray is incident on the panel at all times. It is optimization in a less comprehensible manner. important to point out here that exposing panels to excessive sunlight may increase the top and ultimately destroy the cell. PVPLANNER This software provides accurate satellite data making solar 2.1 Applications radiation and and pv power estimation easy. It also Genetic algorithms find useful applications in sciences, automatically calculates shading. Long term annual and Engineering and even management. They have successfully monthly data is included in the basic design. The software been used for timetabling and scheduling operations such as therefore has the constraint of preventing data from other job shop scheduling, scheduling in printed circuit board sources. assembly among many other useful applications examples are climatology, bioinformatics as well as design of anti-terrorism PV-F CHART systems. They are also key components of mobile The pv chart calculates power based on generic module communication infrastructure optimization. and inverter. The data must be inputted manually making quick comparison of generation data difficult. Its major constraint 61 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 Genetic algorithm has also been used to optimize the cost panel offering high efficiency in one area may not necessarily of solar panels. Bernal and Lopez (2009 used genetic algorithm do same in another area due to the latitudinal differences. in their research work to minimize the cost of solar pv arrays. Port Harcourt is the capital and largest city of Rivers The positioning of sun trackers to maximize the collection of State, Nigeria, with coordinates latitude 4 46’ 38” and longitude the solar radiation on the panels is another area where genetic 7 00’ 48”. Port Harcourt has an elevation of about 52fts above algorithm has been used extensively with high degree of sea level. The driest month is January and the month with the success. highest precipitation is September. It lies along the Bonny 3. Materials and Methodology River and is located in the Niger Delta. The method used in this paper involved selection of the As of 2016, the Port Harcourt urban area has an estimated solar panel taking into consideration its efficiency in relation to population of 1,865,000 inhabitants, up from 1,382,592 as of the Port Harcourt weather. This is important for establishing 2006. The dense population of Port Harcourt makes for very varying latitudes on the panel performance. This is because a high demand in electrical energy Fig. 1. Map of Nigeria highlighting the position of River State at the bottom. The selected solar panel has a rating of 125 W and is made of Multimeter. Consequent results showed a variation in gallium arsenide cells. The panel in consideration has a parameter values indicative of the effect of the different dimension of 67cm x 147cm and is made up of 36 cells. The intensity on the panel efficiency though these changes were panel data sheet was obtained and the data collected and only small. recorded. The panel was then subjected to test by placing it on a roof top and taking hourly measurements using a 62 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 Table 1. showing hourly variation in open circuit voltage against time from 6am to 6pm Time 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 Voc 15.1 16 17.6 18.8 19.2 19.2 18.04 18.7 18.8 18.4 18.4 18.0 15.0 3.1 Efficiency Evaluation of a (125W) Gallium Arsenide Solar showing the peak radiation value for the period in Panel consideration is extracted and given in the table 1 below due to the volume of the data. Next, the weather data comprising amount of rainfall, wind The peak value was chosen to maximize output. From speed, relative humidity, and solar intensity spanning a year table 2 this value is 606 W/m2. The area of the panel in meter was collected from the Centre for Data Collation and Analysis was calculated and recorded as 0.9849 m2 Rivers State University Port Harcourt. The peak radiation value obtained from the collated data was used to evaluate the efficiency of the panel. A section of the table of weather data Table 2. showing an extract of Port Harcourt Weather Data TOA5 PORT HARCOURT RECO Batt_Volt_Min Rain_m SlrW_ AirTC RH T107_C WS_ms WindDir Bar VW RD m_Tot Avg _Avg _Avg _Avg Press _Avg RN Volts Mm W/m2 Deg 0C % Deg 0C Meters/ Degrees mV Second Min Tot Avg Avg Smp Avg Avg Smp Avg Smp 51818 13.98 0 606.6 33.49 49.15 29.11 1.903 41.87 1047 0.131 51819 13.96 0 594.8 33.65 48.5 29.12 0.957 26.87 1048 0.13 51820 13.95 0 596.5 34.17 46.22 29.18 1.206 62.7 1049 0.13 51821 13.95 0 599.9 34.41 45.99 29.18 0.913 190.7 1049 0.131 51822 13.93 0 592.5 34.9 45.48 29.21 0.757 32.84 1051 0.131 51823 13.78 0 491.2 34.45 48.23 29.26 1.6 354.8 1052 0.13 51824 13.84 0 548.2 34.58 46.09 29.25 1.995 345.3 1052 0.131 51825 13.81 0 395.2 34.31 47.21 29.25 2.122 8.99 1052 0.131 51826 13.82 0 270.6 33.87 48.53 29.25 2.221 21.51 1050 0.131 Source: Centre for Data Collation Rivers State University In the design of photovoltaic panels, the efficiency is able to define what panel would be suitable for installation for defined as the ability of the panel to convert incoming solar a given power. radiation into useful energy. Efficiency is therefore dependent Manufacturers define the efficiency of a panel to be the ratio of on the cells ability to trap and convert the incident radiation. It the power to the product of the incident radiation and area. For is important to determine the efficiency of panels so that the panel in consideration, manufacturers and installers or solar panels would easily be 63 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜂 = 𝐽𝑠𝑐(𝑉𝑜𝑐 − 𝛽) ⁄ 𝑠𝑜𝑙 (1.2) Max Efficiency = (3.1) 𝑆 × 𝐴𝐶 𝛼 = 1 + 𝐼𝑛(1 + 𝑉⁄𝑉 ) (1.3) 125 𝑇 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = (67 × 147) = 12.7% (3.2) × 1000 10,000 𝛽 = 𝑉𝑇 × 𝛼 (1.4) Where Efficiency evaluation of the proposed optimized model of 𝑠𝑜𝑙 = peak optical power density = solar irradiance at temperature of 301K. solar cell This is achieved by the help of the genetic algorithm. The cell structure is basically an NP GaAs cell. Between the substrate and cell is sandwiched a doped P+ with the primary Optimization Technique function of creating an electric field delayed rear face. This is to The objective function is defined as; lower the recombination rate and improve the electrical 𝐹𝑜𝑏𝑗 = maximize (𝑒𝑓𝑓) characteristics of the cell. By optimizing the constraint function: The efficiency of the cell is dependent on the following factors: F [x(1), x(2), x(3), x(4) x(5)] Where  The short circuit current density x(1) = Doping of base  Open circuit voltage x(2) = doping of p-layer  The current density due to intensive concentration of GaAs. x(3) = doping of n-layer x(4) = width of base 3.2 Efficiency Optimization with Genetic Algorithm Technique x(5) = cell voltage. These are the parameters to be optimized in order to improve The optimized efficiency is calculated using the relation below: and optimize efficiency Table 3. Range structure of Solar cell before optimization. S/No Parameters Range of Values 1 Calculated Efficiency (%) 12.7 2 x(1), Doping of base (cm-3) [1e20 to1e25] 3 x(2), Doping of P-layer (cm-3) [1e20 to 1e25] 4 x(3), Doping of n-layer (cm-3) [1e20 to 1e25] 5 x(4), Doping of width of base (cm) [1e-7 to 1e-5] 6 x(5), Doping of cell Voltage (V) [0.5 to 1] 64 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 START Input cells initial properties Roulette Selection Covert properties to population Crossover to produce new properties Calculate fitness Calculate fitness for new Select best properties offspring New generation by elitism If it is fully optimized STOP Fig. 2. showing steps for Genetic algorithm implementation The cell properties given in table 1 above and the weather data When this values are reached the program ends. The new in table 2 were fed into the program with the function set to values obtained represent the maximum and therefore the maximize efficiency. optimized values of the parameters. The initial properties of the cell were converted by the program Results and Discussions into population Results Fitness for each parameter was calculated with maximum The results presented here show the efficiency of the panel radiation kept at 606w/m2 at different solar cell parameter variations. The results are The system was programmed to run for 2mins and to repeat presented as below in figure 3 to figure 7. until a value representing the maximum for each parameter corresponding to the peak radiation value obtained. 65 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 Fig. 3. Optimal Efficiency as function of doping of Base of solar cell Fig. 3 shows the efficiency of the solar cell as function of efficiency is measured to be 20.1538% at an optimal base value optimizing the base layer of the solar cell. The value of the of 1𝑒−25 centimeters. The graph confirms that as more and efficiency gotten by optimization of the solar cell is said to be more the base layer of the solar cell is doped, the efficiency maximum at the point with which the base of the solar cell is becomes improved gradually until it reaches its optimal value doped to optimal position. From the graph the value of the Fig. 4. Optimal Efficiency as function of doping of P-layer of solar cell Similarly, Fig. 4 also records the efficiency of the solar cell more and more the p-layer of the solar cell is doped, the at an optimal doping level of the p-layer of the solar cell. The efficiency becomes improved gradually until it reaches its doping optimizes the p-layer and as such produces the best optimal value. Although, the variation in p-layer doping level efficiency at the optimum doped layer of the p-layer. The did not cause a large change in efficiency as the values of efficiency is measured to be 20.1538% at an optimal p-layer efficiency is almost constant at varying p-layer doping level of doped surface of 1e25 centimeters. The graph confirms that as solar cell. 66 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 Fig. 5. Optimal Efficiency as function of doping of n-layer of solar cell Also, fig. 5 shows the evaluated efficiency of the solar cell that as more and more the n-layer of the solar cell is doped, the at an optimal doping level of the n-layer of the solar cell. The efficiency becomes improved until it reaches its optimal value. doping optimizes the n-layer and as such produces the best Although, the effect of doping the n-layer on efficiency is efficiency at the optimum doped layer of the n-layer. The minimal compared to the effect on efficiency when p-layer is efficiency is measured to be 20.1538% at an optimal n-layer doped, the efficiency greatly varies at varying n-layer doping doped surface of 4.345e24 centimeters. The graph also shows level. Fig. 6. Optimal Efficiency as function of varying width of base of the solar cell Fig. 6 shows the variations of the width of the base at optimal doped width of the base gotten at 1e-0.5 centimeters. optimum efficiency. The efficiency is determined at the point The graph shows that as the width of the base of the solar cell where the value of the optimum solution for the width of the is doped, the efficiency becomes improved rapidly until it base of the solar cell is achieved. The efficiency is 20.1538% at reaches its optimal value. The variation effect of the width of 67 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 the base caused a significant variation in efficiency. 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 Fig. 7. Optimal Efficiency as function of varying cell voltage of the solar Finally figure 7 plots the efficiency at varying cell voltage. This new efficiency value is as a result of optimizing the At the point where the cell voltage is optimum, the maximum parameters x(1), x(2), x(3), x(4), and x(5). The optimization solar cell efficiency is determined. The value of efficiency at of the parameters is referred to as doping of the layers of the optimal cell voltage is read from the graph as 20.1538%. The solar cell so as to maximize efficiency of the solar cell at any optimal cell voltage is gotten as 0.7V. The graph also illustrates time of the day and peak daily radiation (solar irradiance). that as one increases the cell voltage above a certain initial Similarly, the range of the solar parameters shown initially threshold value, the efficiency of the cell will drop very in table 1.1 was optimized and its best optimum point where insignificantly until it arrives at its optimal point where the computed with help of the genetic algorithm as shown in table value of the cell voltage at that point gives the best efficiency 4. under any operating condition of the panel. From Table 1 and 2, the value of the optimized efficiency is seen to have improved from 11.17% to 20.15% respectively. Table 4. Results of simulation S/No Optimized Parameters Optimal Values 1 Optimized Efficiency (%) 20.15 2 x(1), Doping of base (cm-3) 1.0e+25 3 x(2), Doping of P-layer (cm-3) 1.0e+25 4 x(3), Doping of n-layer (cm-3) 4.3e+24 5 x(4), Doping of width of base (cm) 1.0e-05 6 x(5), Doping of cell Voltage (V) 0.7 68 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Roland Uhunmwangho et al., Vol.,4 No.2, 2018 4. Conclusion [2] Bernal-Augustine, J. L.; Dofo Lopez, R (2009) Multi-objective design and control of hybrid systems The cell properties as given in table 1 and the solar minimizing cost and unmet loads. Electrical power radiation data as given in table 4 were fed into the program and research Vol. 79, pp 170 – 181. the function set to maximize efficiency by maximizing [3] Durand, H. L (1979) “Present status and prospects of component values of the solar cell subject to the maximum photovoltaic energy conversion; proceeding of the radiation. The program was designed to run for two minutes photovoltaic solar energy conversion conference pp and stop when maximum values are reached. 93-105 The result of the research shows an improvement of 2.15% [4] Enrique, J. M., Duran, E. Sidrach-de-cardona, M. Andjuor, on the initial efficiency of the panel. This improvement is as a J. M. (2007) Theoretical assessment of the maximum result of optimizing the parameters x(1), x(2), x(3), x(4), and power point tracking efficiency of photo voltaic facilities x(5). This is achieved using genetic algorithm and hence with different converter topologies. Solar energy, vol. 81, proves genetic algorithm adequate to optimize solar panel issue 1 pp 31-38 [5] Furkan, D., Mehmet, E. M. (2010) “Critical factors that efficiency affect solar cells, smart grid and renewable energy, Vol. 1, 5. Recommendation pp 47-50 It is my recommendation that before installation, selected [6] Haupt, R. L., Haupt, S. E., (1998). Practical Genetic panels should first be evaluated for efficiency as weather varies. algorithms (New York: Wiley) Although silicon is widely accepted as the best material for pv [7] Hollande, J. H. (1992) Adaption in Natural and Artificial panels because of its availability, other materials can give System MIT Press, Cambridge, MA similar results on optimization. Finally, genetic algorithm [8] Omubo-Pepple, V. B., Israel-Cookey, C. I. Alamino, K should be used for parameter selection in the design stage of (2009) “Effect of Temperature, flux and relative humidity the panel to give optimal result. on the efficient conversion of solar energy to electricity” Acknowledgement Department of Physics, Rivers State University of Science I want to briefly acknowledge the efforts of the following and Technology European Journal of Scientific Research persons and institutions for their contributions to the success of Vol. 35, No.2, pp 173-180. this work. My father Mr Adokor MkineBari, the director and [9] Peippo K., Lund P.D. (1994). Optimal size of solar array staff of the centre for data collation Rivers State University, and inverter in grid connected photovoltaic cell Staff of the Rivers State Sustainable Development Agency and interconnection circuits. Professor Christopher Ahiakwo for their unending supports [10] Rizala, Y. Hasta, S., and Feriyadi, W. (2013) “Application through the course of this research work of solar position Algorithm for sun tracking, system energy procedure. Vol. 32, pp 160-165 References [11] Storn, R and Price, K. V (1997) Differential evolution a [1] Balzhiser and Richard E. (1977) R &D Status report simple and efficient heuristic for global optimization over “fossil fuel and advance system division” EPRI Journal vol. continuous spaces Journal of Global Optimization pp 2 (No.5) pp 49 – 53. 341-35. 69 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Comparative Experimental FWA & FOWA Aggregated VLCSPPs' LUR Estimation for GIS Based VEED Burak Omer Saracoglu* *Orhantepe Mahallesi, Tekel Caddesi, Istanbul, Turkey ‡ Burak Omer Saracoglu, Orhantepe Mahallesi, Tekel Caddesi, Istanbul, Turkey, burakomersaracoglu@hotmail.com Received: 16.12.2017 Accepted:16.05.2018 Abstract- Solar power conversion technologies are photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), and concentrated photovoltaics (CPV). These technologies need sufficient amount of appropriate land. In super grids and Global Grid, large sized power plants play the key role, so that this study only focuses on very large solar power plants (VLSPP). VLSPPs are defined as the power plants that have the installed power of 1.000 MW (peak in PV) or more in this study. Solar land use requirements (LUR) should be studied, analyzed and estimated for each solar power technology. This study investigates only the LUR of very large concentrated solar power plants (VLCSPPs). Under unsharp conditions, a fuzzy weighted average/weight averaging (fuzzy WA: FWA) aggregated and an ordered fuzzy weighted average/weight averaging (fuzzy OWA: FOWA) aggregated solar LUR models on a worldwide basis are built for LUR prediction on the geospatial information systems (GIS) at the very early engineering design (VEED) phase. These two models are presented in a comparative way. Five experimental criteria (direct normal irradiance: DNI, engineering design year, net installed power, cooling method, storage capacity) are only included in these models. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of land area (hectares) and solar field aperture area (m2) are respectively %331,35 (FWA), %505,14 (FOWA) and %914,86 (FWA), % 1374,45 (FOWA). Keywords Concentrated solar power, FuzzME, Fuzzy Ordered Weighted Average, Fuzzy Weighted Average, land use requirement. 1. Introduction Solar power can supply the largest electricity amount to humans by 89.000 TWp theoretical, 58.000 TWc extractable, Line Focus Systems Point Focus Systems and 7.500 TWc technical world potential estimations (TWp: Parabolic Linear Power Parabolic terawatt equivalent photonic fuel power, TWc: terawatt Trough Fresnel Tower Dish equivalent chemical fuel power) [1]. It is presented that only 0,00015 TWc was supplied in 2001 [1]. The research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RD3) engineers try to increase the usage of this resource. In today's capabilities, there are three solar power technologies: photovoltaics (PV) [2], concentrated solar Fig. 1. CSP technology families (Source: [5,6]). power (concentrating solar power, concentrated solar The most efficient investment approach in solar power thermal) (CSP) [3], concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) [4]. plants is by economies of scale approach (see [7] for Today, the CSP technology is usually classified under economies of scale). As a result, large size solar power plants parabolic trough, linear Fresnel, power tower, and parabolic shall first be investigated in detail. dish technologies [5,6] as shown in Fig.1. This study Very large concentrated solar power plant (VLCSPP) investigates all of these CSP technologies at once. concept is researched in this manner. The definition isn't 70 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 clear yet, but it is discriminated as the CSP plants that have dish [23]. Other studies also gave some similar information the installed power of 1.000 MW or more [8]. (see [24-29]). The most effective way of generating and consuming of It was understood that fuzzy WA and OWA aggregated electricity is also by considering economies of scale. based models hadn't been applied in any CSP LUR analysis Therefore, super grids and Global Grid are researched and study until 21/12/2015. Hence, this study is also one of the tried to be modelled and designed (e.g. European Supergrid first studies that step up VLCSPP designs on the World, [9], Supergrid for America [10], DESERTEC [11], Gobitec however, it had to be underlined that there were already [12,13], Asian Super Grid [12,13], Global Grid [14]). some announced intentions (Morocco’s Noor-Ouarzazate A detailed literature review on Google Scholar [15] and Solar Complex aimed 2000 MW, designed as only for 510 Directory of Open Access Journals [16] was performed by MW by I, II, III at a cost of US$ 2677 million [30,31,32], some key terms in this study. It had been observed in Oman's Miraah aimed 1021 MW thermal only for steam at a previous studies that Google Scholar had been the most cost of US$ 600 million [33,34], China's Ordos aimed 2000 dominant academic publication online database (highest MW at a cost of US$ 5 billion [35,36], Tunisia's TuNur CSP number of documents for each search term: author's farm aimed 2250 MW at a cost of US$ 13.8 billion, with a experience). Moreover, both of these online websites had note of the DESERTEC's cancellation/withdrawal at a cost of "open access" publications, so that all RD3 engineers would US$ 530 billion [37,38,39,40]). Thus, VLCSPP designs are be able to find these publications. only remained as intentions today. The search term of this study was "land use" and Shortly; it is deducted that by looking at figures E-1 to "concentrated solar". Only English documents were searched E-4 on [22], LUR and capacity of CSP plants in the U.S.A. on Google Scholar (1930 results) and Directory of Open don't show any linear characteristics. It is stated that this Access Journals (0 results) until 21/12/2015. The titles and study is most probably a unique (the only one and first) in abstracts were first reviewed and the related documents this field in this respect. There are five aims of this study as (papers, reports, presentations, etc.) with this study were to start helping to model Global Grid, to start helping design saved in their specific folder (only 19 studies). After this process of VLCSPPs in Global Grid and other grids, to start observation, previously known documents on some websites helping to find possible alternative VLCSPPs locations in (e.g. [17-21]) were also once more checked. Only a few Global Grid by geographic information system (GIS) tools documents could be added, but one of them was the most (e.g. ArcGIS, Google Earth, Netcad) in very early important one (Ong et.al.'s study at the National Renewable engineering design (VEED) stages, to start studying LUR Energy Laboratory (NREL): author's point of view). estimations of VLCSPPs and CSPPs, to start modelling LUR estimations by fuzzy weighted average/weight averaging Ong et.al. studied the direct land use ("disturbed land (fuzzy WA) aggregated models and ordered fuzzy weighted due to physical infrastructure development") and the total average/weight averaging (fuzzy OWA) aggregated models, land use ("all land enclosed by the site boundary") to start a GIS tool RD3 for VLCSPP design process. requirements of the utility scale ground mounted small and large photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) 2. Preliminaries & Experimental Fuzzy WA & OWA plants in the United States [22]. There were 25 projects with Models for VLCSPP Design GIS Tool a capacity (MWAC) of 3747 in the total land use requirements for CSP plants (parabolic trough, tower, dish Stirling, linear These experimental proposed fuzzy WA and OWA Fresnel) analysis. The capacity weighted average land use aggregated models have 5 factors/inputs and 2 (acres/MWAC) was presented as 10 and the generation outputs/findings (Factor 1: F1: Direct Normal Irradiance, F2: weighted average land use (acres/GWh/yr) was given as 3,5. engineering design year, F3: net installed power, F4: cooling There were 18 projects with a capacity of 2218 in the direct method, F5: storage capacity factors, Finding 1: O1: solar land use requirements analysis. The capacity weighted field aperture area, O2: land area). The author believes that average land use was presented as 7,7 and the generation simple models obeying strictly main principles and weighted average land use was presented as 2,7. In their approaches will show the RD3 progress direction (factor dataset, the least installed power (MWAC) was 1,5 (Maricopa reduction or increment, defining membership functions). One Solar Project with Stirling Engine) followed by 5 (Sierra of the important modelling principles in this subject is the SunTower with tower). The most installed power was 370 magical number 7 (George Armitage Miller (1920–2012) (Ivanpah all with tower) followed by 354 (SEGS all with (magical number 7) [41], Richard M. Shiffrin (1968–alive) parabolic trough) and 280 (Solana all with parabolic trough) and Robert M. Nosofsky (alive) (magical number 7, 7±2 [22]. Purohit et.al. investigated the possibility of generating rule) [42]). Accordingly, only 5 factors are used in this study electricity from CSP technologies (parabolic trough as: collector, linear Fresnel reflector, central receiver system: 2 tower with heliostats, parabolic dish) in the Northwestern Ø F1: Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) (kWh/m /year): India [23]. They presented that the area (collector/heliostat) "direct irradiance received on a plane normal to the sun (m2) was 34–550 (parabolic trough), 40–120 (central over the total solar spectrum" [43]. DNI is used for CSP and receiver), 92 (dish). They also added that the land concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems [8,43,44]. Solar requirement (m2/MW) was 40000 (parabolic trough), 83600 spectrum discrimination isn't taken into account in this study. (central receiver), 18000 for linear Fresnel and 16000 for 71 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 CSP minimum DNI rule of thumb or application Ø F4: Cooling Method: (kWh/m2/year): 2000 [6], 1800 (technical), 2000 (economical), 1600 (future technical) [23], 902 There are three systems (wet: once-through or (demonstration solar tower), 2012 (commercial example) recirculating, dry: direct or indirect, hybrid: water [26], 2000 (commercial) [28], 1800 (5 kWh/(m2 day) [29], conservation or plume abatement) [50,51]. The design 800–900 W/m2 (normal incident radiation), 1600–2800 preferences are made according to water availability. The kWh/m2 (annual normal incident radiation) [45], 2,2 current model has two distinguishable systems as wet and MWh/m2/year or 6,0 kWh/m2/day (annual average) [46], dry cooling methods. limited suitability below 1800, suitable 1800–2000, highly Ø F5: Storage Capacity (hours): suitable 2000–2500, excellent 2500–3000 [47], 800 W/m2 (normal incident radiation) and range 1600–2800 [48]. There are three main thermal energy storage concepts as active (two-tank systems, thermocline, steam accumulators), Location & design constraint: DNI ≥ 1600 kWh/m2/year passive (enhanced heat structures, packed bed systems) and (decision in this study). combined according to Kuravi et.al.'s approach [52]. The It can be seen on Fig.2, that the possible VLCSPPs' Energy Initiative Massachusetts Institute of Technology has regions are dispersed on the World very smoothly just like two groups (short term and long term thermal energy created for only super grids and Global Grid. The Creator storage) [53]. The author thinks that this factor is important wants us to think on a worldwide basis (only one piece, in this study, because the LUR varies with these criteria. spacious enough). Hence, super grids and Global Grid is Ø O1: Solar Field Aperture Area (m2): seemed very possible. It is defined as "the area in which the solar radiation enters the collector" [54]. Ø O2: Land Area (hectares): It is defined as "land area required for the entire system including the solar field land area" [55]. There are only 36 previous projects' data (from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, NREL official webpage [56]) in the current dataset (electronic supplementary material files: ESM, please visit author's researcher's profiles such as ResearchGate). All data and information are used directly without any verification and validation. There are 28 Fig. 2. Rule of thumb representation on DNI World Map for parabolic trough, 6 power tower and 2 linear Fresnel reflector following GIS investigation studies (white regions) applications in this dataset. The inputs and output in this (Basemap: GeoModel Solar [49]) (generated by Microsoft dataset are presented in Fig.3. The minimum values are 902 Office Excel 2007 https://products.office.com/en-us/home or (F1), 1996 (F2), 0,3 (F3), 400 (O1), 1 (O2). The maximum Apache OpenOffice 4.1.5 http://www.openoffice.org/ & values are 2717 (F1), 2003 (F2), 377 (F3), 2600000 (O1), 1417 Paint.NET http://www.getpaint.net/index.html). (O2). Ø F2: Engineering Design Year: The RD3 engineer (author) thinks that technical and technological breakthroughs are important in CSP technology, so that it should be taken into account during modelling. The author (also by his own conceptual design studies) very well knows and experiences that design date and grid connection date has more than some decades duration gap. Technical and technological capabilities are related to design. Hence, engineering design years are tried to be estimated in this study (10 years earlier than generation start date). Ø F3: Net Installed Power (Net Turbine Capacity in MW): This factor is the most important factor in this study. When the installed power of a CSP plant increases the LUR increases. The net installed power and the net turbine capacity are used in the same manner in this study. The unit is taken as megawatt (MW). The current model covers up to 5.000 MW according to design of 1.000 MW at first. 72 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 73 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 A few preliminaries of fuzzy WA and OWA: Fuzzy weighted average (see original [61] to avoid any misinterpretation or shift): normalized fuzzy weights ∀ fuzzy numbers 𝑉# ∈ 0,1 , 𝑖 = 1,2, …… ,𝑚 if ∀𝛼 ∈ 0,1 ∧ ∀ 𝑖 ∈ {1,2, … ,𝑚} following holds ∀ 𝑣# ∈ 𝑉#3 there exists 𝑣4 ∈ 𝑉43, 𝑗 = 1,2, … ,𝑚, 𝑗 ≠ 𝑖 s.t. 𝑣 + 8# 49:,4;# 𝑣# = 1 fuzzy weighted average ∀ fuzzy numbers 𝑈# ∈ 0,1 , 𝑖 = 1,2, …… ,𝑚 ∧ 𝑊4 ∈ 0,1 , 𝑗 = 1,2, …… ,𝑚 membership function 𝑈 𝑢 ∀ 𝑢 ∈ 𝔎 is 𝑈(𝑢) = max {min 𝑈: 𝑢: , 𝑈G 𝑢G , … . . , 𝑈8 𝑢8 ,𝑊: 𝑤: ,𝑊G 𝑤G , … . . ,𝑊8 𝑤8 | 8 𝑤:𝑢: + 𝑤G𝑢G + ⋯…… .+𝑤8𝑢𝑢 = 8, 𝑤 ≠ 0} 𝑤: + 𝑤G + ⋯……+ 𝑤 # 8 #9: For the computing algorithm of its calculation see [61,62]. Fig. 3. Inputs and outputs (top to bottom): DNI, engineering design year, net installed power, cooling method, storage Fuzzy ordered weighted average (see original [62,63]): capacity versus land area and then solar field aperture area 8 (see ESM) (generated by Microsoft Office Excel 2007 or 𝑤 𝑢𝑢 = : ∅(:) + 𝑤G𝑢∅(G) + ⋯…… .+𝑤8𝑢∅(8), 𝑤# ≠ 0 Apache OpenOffice 4.1.5 & Paint.NET), Data: [56]. 𝑤: + 𝑤G + ⋯……+ 𝑤8 #9: Before current modelling, two important rules of thumb where ∅ a permutation of the set of indices are also investigated as: 𝑢∅(:) ≥ 𝑢∅(G) ≥ ⋯…… .≥ 𝑢∅(8) For the computing algorithm of its calculation see Ø CSP rule of thumb for slope: [62,63]. terrain slope angle (%) < 4, 1, 7, 1, 1 (in that study and These preliminaries are all founded on the ordered others) [6], solar field slope (%) < 1−2 (parabolic trough), weight averaging (OWA) operator by Ronald Robert Yager 2−4 (central receiver), 4 (linear Fresnel), 10 or more (dish) (alive) [64] and the fuzzy set and logic by Lotfali Askar [26], slope (%) < 3 (1 most economical) [29], slope < 2,1 Zadeh (1921–alive) [65]. The fuzzy logic operators are [47]. clearly presented by Henrik Legind Larsen [66] (Fig.4). Ø CSP rule of thumb for cost: capital (Dollars/kW) 3972 (parabolic trough), 4000+ (solar tower), 12578 (dish) [28], cost installed ($/W) 3,49– 2,34 (parabolic trough), 3,83–2,16 (central receiver), 11,00– 1,14 (dish) [48], capital cost ($/kW) 2900 (parabolic trough), 2400–2900 (power tower), 2900 (dish) [29]. Accordingly, the cost of a VLCSPP will be in almost five to ten of billions dollars. In this study, the models are directly built on the FuzzME Software (developed by Holecek, Talasova, Pavlacka and Bebcakova [57,58]). There are many modelling Fig. 4. Representation of fuzzy logic operators (drawn, options on it (fuzzy weighted average, OWA, WOWA, redrawn and generated based on [66]). Choquet integral, expert system). Fuzzy WA & OWA are The membership functions of these experimental models only applied in this experimental study due to the inspiration are modelled directly on FuzzME (Fig.5) (in ESM). In these of some studies by fuzzy WA and OWA in other fields (e.g. experimental models, the uniform weights are assigned first, [59,60]). and then the fuzzy weights are defined by the guidance of FuzzME (Fig.6) (in ESM). 74 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 method, storage capacity (Increasing), Land Area (1/1 scaled) & Solar Field Aperture Area (1,79 multiplied and 1/1000 scaled) on the FuzzME. Fig. 6. Weights of fuzzy WA & OWA on FuzzME (open FuzzME models) * Note: Fuzzy WA weights (top), Fuzzy OWA weights (bottom) These experimental models are tested on the historical projects data and information (see ESM) by using FuzzME and Microsoft Office Excel or Apache OpenOffice 4.1.5 (Fig.7). The errors are calculated according to the absolute percentage errors (APE), the maximum absolute percentage error (MAP), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) like demand forecasting studies (see [67-72]). The MAPE of land area (hectares) (O2) is %331,35 (FWA) and %505,14 (FOWA). The main errors occur for very small land area projects or small installed power projects (land area: 8; 6,5; 5,3; 1). When these projects are removed from the data set the model performance for MAPE increases approximately 6 times better. When the installed capacities increase in this model, the performance increases very well (For 377 MW error rate is %4). As a result, this model works well in bigger CSP plants rather than in small CSP plants in its current form (Fig.7). The MAPE of solar field aperture area (m2) (O1) is %914,86 (FWA) and % 1374,45 (FOWA). The same problem is observed in these models too. The main errors occur for very solar field aperture area projects or small installed power projects (solar field aperture area: 31860; 100000; 10000; 17650; 75000; 150000; 400). When these projects are removed from the data set the model performance for MAPE increases approximately 18 times better. When the installed capacities increase in this model, the performance increases very well (For 377 MW error rate is %4). As a result, this model works well in bigger CSP plants rather than in smaller CSP plants in its current form (Fig.5). When these fuzzy WA and fuzzy OWA models are compared, it is observed that the current fuzzy WA model is performed better. However, it is very clear, that these models need very serious improvement efforts, but it is also thought that this study is a good start for this research aim. Finally, some very large concentrated solar power plants (VLCSPPs) designs' land use requirement predictions are also made by the experimental FWA model (better performed model) on the Middle East and North Africa Region (F1: between 2500 and 2600, F2: between 2018 and 2020 (estimated early design calculations), F3: 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 (six alternative designs), F4: Dry, F5: between 10 to 18) (Fig.7). Fig. 5. Membership functions on FuzzME (open FuzzME models) * Note: from top to bottom: DNI (Increasing Scale: higher values are better), engineering design year (Increasing), net installed power (Increasing), cooling 75 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig. 7. FWA land area APE per project, FOWA land area APE per project, FWA solar field aperture area APE per project, FOWA solar field aperture area APE per project, FWA land area predictions, FWA solar field aperture area predictions (open ESM and FuzzME model files) *Note: from top to bottom. One of the main outputs of these R&D efforts shall be some GIS applications (online and offline) for personal, laptop and tablet computers and also mobile phones. The design studies will be performed according to GIS software, coding and cognitive ergonomics principles and constraints in some specially organized R&D studies in near to medium term (Fig.8). Fig. 8. GIS application interface screen view 1st prototype draft idea (see for base [73,74]) (e.g. Google Earth, ESRI, Autodesk Applications) (only current graphical interface study). 3. Conclusions and future work 76 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Burak Omer Saracoglu et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 This study presents a new idea of developing some [6] J. Clifton, B.J. Boruff, "Assessing the potential for plugins and applications on the geographic information concentrated solar power development in rural Australia", systems software for the concentrated solar power plants land Energy Policy, Vol. 38, pp. 5272–5280, 2010. use requirements and estimations. [7] Investopedia: Economies of scale, A comparative experimental fuzzy weighted average http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economiesofscale.p (fuzzy WA) and ordered fuzzy weighted average (fuzzy accessed on 17/10/2015. OWA) aggregated VLCSPPs land-use requirement estimation model is presented for very early engineering [8] B.O. Saracoglu, "An Experimental Fuzzy Expert System design studies (only on FuzzME, no integration of any GIS Based Application For The Go/No-Go Decisions To The yet). Geospatial Investigation Studies Of The Regions Of The Very Large Concentrated Solar Power Plants In The It is believed that these kinds of plugins, applications, European Supergrid Concept", In Advances In Intelligent and tools will increase the efficiency and effectiveness in the and Soft Computing, The 18th Online World Conference early engineering stages. on Soft-Computing in Industrial Applications (WSC18), The models should be studied in detail with different 6 December 2014. approaches and views. Afterwards, GIS plugins and tools can [9] Friends of the Supergrid: Roadmap to the Supergrid be developed and presented for real world applications of Technologies Final Report. international organizations, multinational foundations, http://www.cesi.it/news_ideas/ideas/Documents/FOSG% governments, and investors. 20%20WG2%20Final-report.pdf accessed on These tools will hopefully very helpful for developing 14/10/2015. Supergrids and Global Grid, that will urgently be a must in [10] T.J. 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(can.balkaya@nisantasi.edu.tr) ‡Corresponding Author; Can Balkaya, Department of Civil Engineering, Nişantaşı University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90 212 210 1010, Fax: +90 212 210 1010, can.balkaya@nisantasi.edu.tr Received: 13.020.2018 Accepted: 05.03.2018 Abstract- The evaluation of existing structures for repair and strengthening results in the application of the most economical and effective repair techniques. The main focus is the existing buildings in seismic areas. The method of repair or strengthening depends on the damaged structural system, structural (life safety) issues, applicable seismic building code requirements, restrictions in available methods, and architectural and construction requirements. The consideration of new techniques, previous technical information on repair methods, experience of experts, and updated cost information are important in the evaluation. The most cost-effective schemes cannot be determined by choosing the most economical means to repair each component; an integrated approach is necessary. Also, recently the use of computers and networks to share the information are increasing. A knowledge-based information system has been developed for the integrated solutions. The level of damage is determined from the damage and structural information. In the evaluation, major damage conditions are grouped as ground damage, foundation damage and superstructure damage, and then these groups are divided into subgroups. Each repair method is represented by a specific format to determine the damage information index. The developed software is a self- modifying and learning system as a result of the data stored for common types of damaged buildings. The use of information systems results in rapid and effective initial cost estimation of repair methods. Keywords Earthquake damage, Repair methods, Information systems, Building structures 1. Introduction The evaluation and retrofitting of existing structures for The main purposes in an earthquake damage evaluation seismic behaviour have recently focused on ASCE [1], and are the correct determination of damage conditions and the Japanese and Turkish research studies [2]. Current level of repair, and the correct application of repair earthquake codes generally require higher earthquake forces methodology and current techniques. The repair evaluation than earlier ones. For this reason, there is a need for some results in the application of the most economical and additional codes to be applied for existing structures effective repair techniques considering life safety and depending on their importance and functions of the structures structural issues according to code requirements. The such as residential buildings, hospitals, fire stations, schools, damaged member can be repaired so that it provides service and historical buildings, etc. There are some guidelines for to the structure equivalent to that before the earthquake. the seismic evaluation and seismic capacity, and retrofitting However, this repair oversimplifies the minimum of existing buildings, ASCE [1], ATC-21 [3], Ohkubo [4]. requirement for repairing most structural earthquake damage, Approaches for the evaluation of existing buildings that since code changes and seismicity issues make this task could be different than the code requirements to be applied much more complex. The structural engineer is responsible for new constructed building structures have been discussed for the repair or retrofitting of the damaged building by Balkaya [5]. Approaches and research needs for the according to current codes and life safety requirements. assessment of existing structures have been emphasized by Melhechers [6]. 80 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 In addition to code issues, the most cost-effective repair schemes cannot be determined by choosing the most economical means to repair each component, but rather by applying an integrated approach to this evaluation. In the present study, a knowledge-based information system has been developed for the evaluation of earthquake damaged buildings. Major damage conditions are grouped as aesthetic, functional and structural damage, or a combination of these. The preferred checklist of applicable schemes for the repair evaluation is prepared in table form in a cost effective and level of strengthening order. 2. Evaluation of Damage Conditions Damage conditions are divided into three main groups: ground damage, foundation damage, and superstructure damage. Then each group is divided into progressive subgroups as shown in Fig. 1. Each specific repair method is defined by using five group numbers (D-GM-SL-MC- SMN). From Fig. 2 these group numbers are for Damage (D) as G (Ground Damage), F (Foundation Damage), S (Super- structure Damage) or R (Removal and Replacement); Fig. 2 Group numbering of repair methods General Method (GM); Specific Location (SL); Material Code (MC); and Specific Method Number (SMN). Damage conditions are considered for the evaluation of repair methods with their group numbers. Fig. 3 Specification of repair methods Fig. 1 Group numbering of repair methods 2.1 Determination of Level of Repair The determination of the nature of the earthquake As an example, let S stand for the repair evaluation of damage is important for damage evaluation. Thus for superstructure damage. The general method expand number selecting repair methods, the condition assessment plays an 40 is for the retrofitting method. Thus S40 is the retrofitting important role in determining the distress level of a damaged of the superstructure damage. If the superstructure damage is building. Condition Assessment steps for the earthquake in the columns then using the specific location number 40 for damage buildings are as follows: column, the damage index becomes S40-40-…-…. For column strengthening by using reinforced concrete, the Step 1. General Information about the Damaged material code and specific method numbers are 20 and 210, Building: plan view, type of structural system, irregularities respectively. Therefore, the damage index for a column in plan and section, number of floors, type of floor system, foundation systems, construction joints with neighbouring strengthening method is S40-40-20-210. A typical screen for the developed system is shown in Fig. 2. buildings, type and quality of construction materials, wall indices (wall plan area on one floor to total floor area, etc.). An example of general information sheet used in the developed program about the investigated building is shown in Fig. 4. 81 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 3. Seismic Performance Evaluation Seismic performance of the investigated buildings for illustration purposes can also be estimated based on the previous investigated data according to wall indices before performing structural safety evaluation. Total area of the walls in the construction area of the plan in both x and y directions separately as wall indices can be obtained by using ‘Shiga’s Graph’ in Fig.5 taken from the Progress Report on Damage Investigation after 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake conducted by Architectural Institute of Japan [2]. Wall indices are the sum of horizontal sectional area of columns (Ac) and the shear walls (Aw) in the first floor. The weight of the building (W) was calculated from sizes of beams, columns, slab, and arrangement of partition walls. If the data were not available, it was assumed that to be 8 kN/m2 with non-structural elements. Fig. 4 General information about the investigated building Step 2. General Damage Categorization: Damage conditions are categorized as structural and nonstructural. Structural damage state ranges from cracking to collapse of structural members. However, nonstructural damage is a result of deflections or cracking of secondary elements such as brick walls. Damage ranking is done according to the level of damage depending on the structural function, location, Fig. 5 Shiga’s Graph crack size and type of cracks. The marks plotted with ‘x’ or ‘o’ in the figure express Damage ratings of buildings are calculated considering the Japanese buildings suffered heavy damage or slight all structural and nonstructural members such as columns, damage in 1972 Miyagiken-oki Earthquake respectively. beams, shearwalls, floor systems, footings and non-structural Similarly, ‘’ and ‘’ express the Turkish buildings heavy or members. Using the damage rating information in the slight damage in 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake respectively. databases, final ratings are evaluated as no damage, or Buildings plotted in the upper left zone of this graph are slightly, moderate or heavily damaged buildings. This judged to have relatively low seismic performance. information is used to determine the level of repair/strengthening for selecting repair methods. The seismic evaluation of 160 branch buildings either belonging to or rented by a commercial bank in Turkey was Building codes or repair guidelines may affect the level investigated by Middle East Technical University (METU) of repair. A damaged structure may require strengthening after 1999 Turkish Earthquakes. The seismic performance of above its pre-earthquake condition due to these additional buildings were initially assumed from the wall indices in requirements. The strengthening of existing buildings using both x and y directions. Different than the moderately current codes is another issue, especially if they were damaged buildings, in this research, wall indices are designed according to earlier codes. The knowledge-based calculated for the nondamaged existing building structures as program can be used by considering the level of repair/ for x-direction: (Shearwalls in x-direction + 0.50 x Column retrofitting obtained from damage ranking and wall indices Area in x-direction + 0.10 x Brick Walls Area in x- without performing any structural safety evaluation. direction)/Total Building Floor Area. Wall index in y- However, the final repair or retrofitting of the structural direction is calculated similarly. In addition to these indices, system depends on structural analyses and design, and must structural analyses were performed according to Turkish satisfy the current building/earthquake code requirements. Earthquake Code [9] as an aid to judging the structural Currently, FEMA 274 [7], ASCE [1], UBC [8] (for new capacity. constructed building structures), and Turkish Earthquake Codes [9] are considered in the seismic design. 82 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Capacity spectrum of existing structures are considered Table 2. Evaluation of improvement methods for [10], with different level of safety [7]. 3-D effects and embankment and slope stability collapse mechanism are studied in the structural configuration considering existing damaged structural elements and material properties. The main purpose is to see the possible collapse mechanisms to satisfy the minimum code requirement for the life safety. 4. Knowledge Based Information Systems Information systems are not limited to the accumulation of new methods. This also involves relating something new to what we already know. Domain knowledge is obtained partly from conventional sources; that is textbooks, research papers, reference manuals on repair alternatives [11] and field experience from previous earthquakes. Knowledge based information systems is probably the most time- consuming activity in the evaluation of damaged buildings with an integrated approach. Knowledge based information has been used to find the appropriate integrated solutions, or minimum solutions satisfying the constraints. The constraints in the evaluation of repair alternatives are the available funds, the minimum level of repair, restrictions in the method, building code requirements, availability of materials and skilled labour, construction requirements and construction time. Integrated solutions are necessary for effective solution methods. The computer software has been written for the As an example, evaluation of the treatment methods for evaluation of earthquake damaged building structures. The soils under foundations (G10) is given in Table 1. Similarly, flowchart in Fig. 6 shows the main steps. In this flowchart, improvement methods and their evaluations for embankment the first step is the determination of the structural and and slope stability (G20) are shown in Table 2. Improvement damage information in the field. The level of repair is to be methods are considered such as in-place soil strengthening, estimated by using damage ranking information, and geometric changes and replacement of soil, retaining structural information. Note that all this information are reinforcement, drainage improvements, and in-place obtained in the field work. By using knowledge based compaction. information system databases the level of seismic performance has also been estimated. The next step is to select the repair/retrofitting method by using the built-in Table 1. Evaluation of treatment methods for foundation database of the program according to the level of repair and cost information. The program lists the repair methods in a cost effective-way with their relative level of strengthening. The computer software also evaluates the cost of the repair method by interacting with current cost databases in the evaluation of repair methods. Structural analyses have been performed externally in the final preparation of design calculation and projects. The last step is to select the most appropriate and economical repair methods among the integrated paths. 83 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig. 6 Evaluation of earthquake damaged building structures 5. Integrated Approach entering quantity, labour, equipment, etc. Once the analysts establish detailed description of the repair method to be In the integrated approach, the selection of the most undertaken, then for new cases, the repair cost of that method appropriate repair methodology depends on economics and has been determined only changing some quantities rather minimum code requirements. An effective solution is than working on the task of the method. obtained considering the optimum solution between the level The emphasis in the following case study is how to of strengthening and economy satisfying at least the estimate the total repair/retrofitting cost of similar types of minimum code requirements or required level of risk damaged building structures by using stored path considering life safety. However, there will be some information. In this case study, 92 reinforced concrete problems related to construction techniques and construction buildings moderately damaged after the 27 June 1998 Adana- equipment, existing architectural constraints, environmental Ceyhan Earthquake with different number of floor levels and effects, and existing foundation systems. Because of these total construction area ranging from 500 m2 to 7000 m2 were problems, a particular repair method has not been considered studied. These buildings are mostly in earthquake region I in the integrated path solutions. (highest earthquake hazard region) in Turkey, and retrofitting projects were prepared by METU. In the retrofitting of the 5.1 Cost Estimation buildings, the retrofitting methods are similar such as column jacketing by using steel, infilled shearwalls inside the Accurate estimate of cost requires the availability of reinforced concrete frame, and epoxy injection. Depending reliable cost and performance data. Considering existing and on the damage level of the building infilled shearwalls were new construction methods and materials, cost estimation replaced, amounting to 1-1.5 % of the building basement becomes difficult when considering different possibilities. In floor area. Total repair costs corresponding to the selected addition, labour and material costs keep changing. Thus, cost final integrated path are shown in Fig. 7. Depend on data is collected and organized into a format that makes the structural type, percentage of infilled wall area, type and cost information instantly accessible through computers. On level of strengthening, earthquake region, repair cost could the other hand, the available old cost information of a repair be estimated the data stored by using the correlation as method has to be taken the basis for a new rapid estimate by shown in Fig. 7. This cost only includes the structural considering inflation rates. In this study, Means Building retrofitting cost calculated from structural retrofitting Construction Cost Data [12], and the Turkish Ministry of projects. The cost of architectural repair after structural Public Works Unit prices [13] are used as cost databases. retrofitting and taxes are not included. The software gives the total repair costs of building according to available integrated paths by using the latest unit prices. Detail cost estimation has been evaluated by 84 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig. 7 Repair cost estimation for moderately damaged R/C buildings 5.2 Structural Safety Evaluation repair of the many individual load carrying members (reducing their force levels). For structural system The main objectives for the safety evaluation are to strengthening, shear walls may be added as infilled walls prevent a total collapse of the building or some of its parts, inside the RC frame or the outside of the building connected and minimize the danger to life safety as well as avoid with existing frames, new frames, steel braces, and member financial losses. Structural analyses can be performed before strengthening as column jacketing, beam strengthening, or a and/or after as a part of the repair alternative evaluation combination of these approaches [7]. If the strengthening depending on the engineering recommendation for initial cost of heavy damaged building is approximately 40-50% rapid cost estimation. The structural configuration, structural greater than the total cost of building considering the service type, and the damage level of the building, existing soil and life, the demolition and reconstruction of the building may be material properties are parameters in the rapid structural preferred. safety evaluation. In the final decision, the selected The main purpose of the following case study is to alternatives have been rated to satisfy code requirements. illustrate how to estimate the seismic performance of existing Therefore, structural analyses are performed by using SAP90 building structures. 160 branch buildings of a commercial [14] finite element analysis program. If the building is bank are investigated for the earthquake safety evaluation designed according to former design codes, the level of and preparation of strengthening projects (if necessary) by damage is determined by first analysing the existing building METU. The 86% of the investigated buildings are the with current code requirements, and considering seismic reinforced concrete structures. The structural systems of performance, capacity spectrum and collapse mechanisms for these are 54% of R/C frame types and 32 % of the R/C live safety. Seismic performance, structural capacity, frame-shearwall types. Building distributions according to allowable stress levels, drift limitations, and other code seismic areas are shown in Fig. 8. Note that the earthquake requirements have been checked. If retrofitting is necessary, region I is the highest seismic region in Turkey. Wall indices then the retrofitted building is reanalysed by using SAP90 or are calculated by using the formula in Seismic Performance any general purpose structural analysis program. Evaluation Part for nondamaged existing buildings in seismic There are many repair methods for strengthening the areas. Wall indices in both x any y directions are shown in existing structural system. If the damage ratings of the Fig.9 for the investigated 160 buildings. Structural analyses building were moderate or heavily damaged, general were also performed for the structural capacity and the structural system strengthening can be preferred rather than Turkish Earthquake Code requirements [9]. Fig. 8 Investigated building distribution in seismic regions 85 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig. 9 Wall indices for seismic performance of investigated buildings As a result of this research, it is observed that when the partial collapse in the building. There is slight structural wall indices in x or y directions are less than 0.0025 the damage in the structural system above the ground level. seismic performance of the building can be assumed as low SAP90 [14] and Turkish Earthquake Code [9] were used in seismic performance level and that building needs a the structural analysis and design of retrofitted buildings. strengthening. If the wall index in only one direction is less The damaged building has been analysed [16] in three than 0.0025 means that the strengthening will be mostly in stages: ground damage, foundation damage and that direction due to low seismic performance in the superstructure damage. For each repair group, two alternative corresponding earthquake loading direction. repair methods are studied and compared for the evaluation. Cost estimates for repair methods are calculated according to 5.3 Selecting the Most Cost Effective Path Ministry of Public Work Unit Prices [13]. The integrated paths and their evaluation are shown in Table 3. The total One of the investigated buildings has been presented to cost estimation for each path is converted to USD. show the integrated approach in the evaluation. The superstructure has been taken from Wasti and Sucuoğlu [15] Note that the permeation grouting is found to be more moderately damaged reinforced concrete buildings after the 1 expensive than compaction grouting because it is done more October 1995 Dinar earthquake. In the field, structural and slowly in Table 3. In the knowledge-based information seismic condition assessments were done by a team from system described in Table 1 it is also indicated that METU. The building is a four-story reinforced concrete permeation grouting is an expensive procedure. Thus by building, and has no irregularity in plan and elevation. Roof using knowledge based system there is no need to calculate and slabs are flat plates. The damage was observed mainly at this path. However it is only considered as an alternative to the ground level. There is no permanent deformation or illustrate the procedure. Table 3. Integrated paths and their evaluation 86 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig. 10 Integrated path evaluation – cost versus strengthening level Integrated suitable paths among alternative methods are a knowledge-based information system has been developed selected to find the total cost estimation of the damaged using conventional information for building structures. building. There are two alternatives for each ground damage It is a challenging task to provide information systems (G1, G2), foundation damage (F1, F2) and superstructure for large numbers of damaged buildings that need to be damage (S1, S2). Therefore the available integrated paths rehabilitated after earthquakes before accruing of new are: G1 F1 S1, G1 F2 S1, G2 F1 S1, G2 F2 S2, G1 F1 S2, G2 earthquakes as well as to minimize time for evaluation of F1 S2, G1 F2 S1, G2 F2 S1. The final path shown as bold repair alternatives. Thus, knowledge-based information (G2 F1 S2) is selected from Table 3 among the repair systems provide a powerful and most useful tool in selecting methods considering structural safety evaluation, level of cost-effective methods for repair and strengthening of strengthening, construction requirements, and economy. building in seismic areas. Among the integrated paths approximately 100 percent The program is self-modifying for new repair methods, difference between the lowest and the highest cost of the and is a part of a learning system and behaves as an expert building repair has been occurred. The level of strengthening system as a result of the data stored for common types of by using that specific method is also ranked according to the damaged buildings. The repair cost and seismic performance damaged conditions of the investigated building. In this case of the building for the level of repair can be estimated by study, because of heavy damage in the ground and using stored information. Developed information system foundation, the damage ranks are assumed for ground, program interacts with the current cost databases The most foundation and superstructure as 25%, 50%, and 25% cost-effective alternative has been obtained by using respectively. For each method the relative level of integrated approaches. Knowledge based systems are found strengthening is indicated in Fig. 10. Then the level of very effective in the application of integrated approaches. strengthening for the building is defined as the multiplication of main group damage percentages by selected the level of Acknowledgement strengthening. As an example the path G1 F1 S1 is corresponding to a relative level of strengthening of Computer applications for the present study were 0.25x1.2+0.50x1.0+0.25x1.1=1.075. Although the final selected path G2 F1 S2 is corresponding to the level of conducted by Süleyman Ilıkkan, a former graduate student at strengthening, 1.0, it means that integrated path also satisfies the Middle East Technical University. the minimum code requirements. The final path information corresponding to (G2 F1 S2) has been stored with damage References repair information index as: G11-10-00-011, F40-31-00- 206, S40-40-20-211 to be used for the similar types of [1] ASCE (2000). Seismic evaluation of existing buildings damaged buildings. (draft). Fourth Ballot. [2] Progress report on damage investigation after Kocaeli 6. Conclusion Earthquake (1999). Architectural Institute of Japan, Bogazici Univ., Istanbul Tech. Univ., Middle East Tech. There are many different approaches for the evaluation Univ. of repair methods for earthquake damaged buildings. Costs, codes, and repair techniques vary with time and place. To [3] ATC-21 (1988). Procedures for postearthquake safety find the most economical and effective repair or evaluation of buildings. Applied Technology Council, strengthening method with current cost estimates, C a l i fornia. 87 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Can Balkaya, Vol.4, No.2, 2018 [4] Ohkubo, M. (1991). Current Japanese system on seismic [10] Freeman, A. Sigmund (1998). Development and use of capacity and retrofitting techniques for existing capacity spectrum method. 6 th U.S. National Conference reinforced buildings and post-earthquake damage on Earthquake Engineering, 1-12. inspection and restoration techniques. University of [11] Balkaya, C. (1994). Evaluation of repair alternatives. California, San Diego, SSRP-02. Reference manual on earthquake damage repair. G.G. [5] Balkaya, C. (2000). Earthquake safety evaluation of Marino Engineering Consultants, Champaign, IL, existing building structures. Advances in Civil Chapter 8. Engineering, 4 th International Congress 2000; 4:1577- [12] Means Building Construction Cost Data (1995). RS 1587 (in Turkish). Means Company, Inc. [6] Melchers, R.E. (2001). ‘Assessment of Existing [13] Ministry of Public Works Unit Prices (1997). Ankara, Structures- Approaches and Research Needs.’ Journal of Turkey, (in Turkish). Structural Engineering, ASCE, 127(4), 406-411. [14] Wilson, E.L., Habibullah, A (1989). SAP90-Structural [7] FEMA 274 (1997). NEHRP commentary on the analysis programs. Computer and Structures, Inc. guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. [15] Wasti, S.T., Sucuoğlu, H. (1999). Rehabilitation of [8] UBC (1994). International Conference of Building moderately damaged R/C buildings after the 1 October Officials. 1995 Dinar Earthquake. Report No: METU/EERC 99-01, [9] Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (1998). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. Specifications for structures to be built in disaster areas. [16] Ilıkkan, S. (1998). Information systems for the Ankara, Turkey. evaluation of repair alternatives of earthquake damaged building structures. M.Sc. thesis presented to Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. 88 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Investigation of Natural Frequency for Continuous Steel Bridges with Variable Cross-sections by using Finite Element Method Hüseyin Sağlık*, Bilge Doran*, Can Balkaya**‡ *Department of Civil Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. **Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Nişantaşı University, Istanbul, Turkey. (huseyinsaglik20@gmail.com, doranbilge@gmail.com, can.balkaya@nisantasi.edu.tr) ‡Corresponding Author; Can Balkaya, Department of Civil Engineering, Nişantaşı University, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90 212 210 1010, Fax: +90 212 210 1010, can.balkaya@nisantasi.edu.tr Received: 25.01.2018 Accepted: 05.03.2018 Abstract- This paper mainly focuses on the natural frequencies of composite steel I-girder continuous-span bridges with straight haunched sections. The finite element analysis is performed to model dynamic behaviour of bridges by using CSIBridge package. Continuous-span bridges (two to six) with straight haunched section are considered. All the dimensions used for generating bridge models are designed according to AASHTO LRFD Standards (2014). Effect of various parameters such as span length, the depth ratios between haunched cross-section to mid-span cross-section (r), the length ratio between haunched section to span (α), span configuration and steel girder arrangement on natural frequencies are investigated by numerically generating one hundred fifty three bridge models. “r” and “α” values are set to be 0.5 - 2.0 and 0.1 - 0.5. The analysis results are given and discussed for the natural frequency of continuous-span composite steel bridges with straight haunched section. Keywords Composite steel bridges, Natural frequency, Finite element analysis, Straight haunched, Non-prismatic cross- section Roeder et al. [6] has shown that the justification for the 1. Introduction current AASHTO live-load deflection limits are not clearly defined. Moreover, the bridge design specifications of other Dynamic response has long been recognized as one of the countries do not commonly employ deflection limits. Instead, significant factors affecting the service life and safety of vibration control is often achieved through a relationship bridge structures, and both analytical and experimental between natural frequency, response acceleration and live- research has been performed [1]. Natural frequency of bridge load deflection. In the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code structure is one of the most important parameter to determine and Australian Code, live-load deflection limits are ensured dynamic response. To account for the dynamic effect of by relationship with first flexural natural frequency for moving vehicles, static live load on bridges have been bridge structures. Therefore, it is important to demonstrate modified by a factor called “the dynamic load allowance” or the influence of different variables on the natural frequency. “the impact factor” in bridge design specifications. The Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code (1983) (OHBDC) [2] Frequently, beams are deepened by haunches near the is described to dynamic effect of moving vehicles as an supports to increase the support moment, which results in a equivalent static effect in terms of the natural frequency of considerable reduction of the span moment. Consequently, the bridge structure. Australian Code (1992) (Austroads) [3] midspan depth can be reduced in order to obtain more proposed similar dynamic load allowance to regard dynamic clearance and/or less structural height [7]. Non-prismatic effect. beam members are used commonly in bridge structures and less frequently in building structures [8]. It is especially true The AASHTO Standard Specifications (2002) [4] and for continuous bridges. Despite many studies have been AASHTO LRFD Specifications [5] limit the live load conducted to show influence of different variables on the deflection depend on span length. Previous research by natural frequency of continuous bridges with uniform 89 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 cross-section, investigation for dynamic behaviour of bridges rigid body. Diaphragm members were connected to steel with variable cross-section is limited. girders top and bottom flanges by hinged connection. El-Mezaini et al. [7] discussed the general behaviour of non- Material properties of bridge structure are listed in Table 1. prismatic members. The behaviour of non-prismatic The finite element mesh was arranged to ensure good aspect members differs from that of prismatic ones due to the ratio. To provide full composite action behaviour, steel I variation of cross section along the member and the girder and concrete slab were divided into fine mesh that discontinuity of the centroidal axis or its slope. Behaviour of each node directly overlapped and connected as rigid-body. non-prismatic members having T section was discussed by Typical3-D model mesh for continuous-span composite steel Balkaya [8]. However, the dynamic behaviour of composite bridges with straight haunched section is shown in Fig.1. continuous-span bridges having non-prismatic members was not considered. Gao et al. [9] studied on continuous concrete bridge with variable cross-section that has parabolic shape was used and proposed an empirical formulation to estimate fundamental frequency. Formulation includes two main parameters: “k” ratio defined as the ratio between side span and central span and “r” ratio defined as the height ratio between mid-span cross-section and the support cross- section but their studies focused on a narrow range of parameters. The primary objective of this paper is to determine and demonstrate the influence of different variables on the Fig.1. Typical 3-D finite element model mesh system for dynamic behaviour of continuous bridges with straight generated bridges haunched cross-section by finite element analysis (FEA) procedure using CSIBridge software [10]. Analysis results The supports were used as pin constraint that prevents three for sample bridges have been discussed. translational displacements at one support and roller constrain that prevents vertical and transverse displacement 2. Finite Element Model of Straight Haunched at the other supports rather than modelling piers and Continuous Bridge Structures abutments. All constraints were placed along the bottom flanges at support locations. In this section, the procedure of FEA models with using Previous studies [11-12] show that parapet effect on vertical CSIBridge [10] and assumptions are provided. Four-node frequency of bridges maybe neglected. In these studies, shell element with six degrees of freedom at each node was maximum effect of parapet was found 4.8% between FEA used to model concrete slab as well as steel I girders. These model with and without parapet for Colquitz River Bridge in elements consist of both membrane and plane-bending Canada. Therefore, parapets were neglected in this study. behaviour. For diaphragm members, two-node truss members were used as ‘V’ shape for all models to ensure the General geometry of continuous bridges and notations are lateral stability. AASHTO specifications require full shown with using typical four-span bridge in Fig.2.Span composite action between concrete slab and steel girder at lengths are selected as the same for all mid-spans (Lm) and the serviceability limit state [11]. Therefore, rigid-body are always bigger than side span lengths (Ls). The depth behaviour was used to develop full composite action between ratios between haunched cross-section to mid-span cross- steel I girder top flange and concrete slab so that section which is called ‘r’ and the length ratio between corresponding nodes move together as a three-dimensional haunched section width to span which is called ‘α’ are shown in Fig. 2. Table 1. Material properties of bridge structure Minimum Concrete Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus Yield/Tensile Compressive Poisson Thickness Components [Mpa] [MPa] Stress (Fy/Fu) Strength (Fc) Ratio [m] [MPa] [MPa] Concrete Slab (Shell) 33000 13750 - 30 0.2 0.2 Steel Girders (Shell) 210000 80769 355/510 - 0.3 - Diaphragm Beams 210000 80769 355/510 - 0.3 - 90 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig.2. General geometry and notations of continuous-span bridges with straight haunched section 2.1 Variables River Bridge in Canada [12] that has almost same concrete slab width and thickness is used to design steel profile type To investigate the effect of various parameters such as span of cross-frame. Despite arbitrary 25 ft. (7.62m) spacing limit arrangements, maximum span length, ɣ ratio (Ls/Lm), r and α for cross-frames and diaphragms was given by AASHTO ratios on natural frequency of continues-span bridges, total of Standard Design Specification, there isn’t any limitation for 153 models are analysed. All dimensions used for generated spacing of cross-frames or diaphragms at AASHTO LRFD bridge models are designed according to AASHTO LRFD Standards. Therefore, 7.5m spacing of cross-frames is used Standards [8]. The dimensions of cross sections are so that the span lengths used for study can be equally divided determined with using 6.10.2.1.2-1, 6.10.2.2-1, 6.10.2.2-2, and close to given spacing limit in [4]. Analysis cases are 6.10.2.2-3,6.10.2.2-4 limitations from AASHTO LRFD summarized in Table 2 for continuous-span bridges with Standards; e.g. for four-span continuous bridges having straight haunched cross section. maximum span length, r ratio and the ratio between steel For Case A and B in Table 2; each Lm lengths are used I girder depth to span length are respectively equal to 30m, 2 according to given parameters. For Case C; total of 66 and 0.03, the full depth of steel I girder is equal to 2.7m. models are designed to investigate the relation between effect According to limitations of AASHTO LRFD Standards, web of r and α ratios on the natural frequency. Every r or α ratios depth of steel I girder (D), web thickness (tw), flange are used as the other parameters given Table 2 are constant; thickness (tf), full width of the flange (bf) were respectively e.g. while r ratios is equal 0.6 and the other parameters are used as 2.63m, 0.0185m, 0.035m, 0.45mm. Concrete slab constant as given, α ratios are used as 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.33, 0.4 thickness (that also satisfy to AASHTO LRFD Standards, and 0.5. For Case D; each ɣ ratio is used with given Lm Section 9.7.1.1) and width are respectively used with same lengths for three, four, five and six-span continuos bridges. dimensions as 0.2m and 12m for all numerical models. For Case E; five different cross-sections (Fig.3) are used Typical cross-section types are shown in Fig.3. according to given constant length and ratios in Table 2. Cross-frames are designed as V-type. UNP380 steel profile was used as V-type cross-frames for all models. Colquitz 91 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 (a) Cross-Section-1 (CS-1) (b) Cross-Section-2 (CS-2) (c) Cross-Section-3 (CS-3) (d) Cross-Section-4 (CS-4) (e) Cross-Section-5 (CS-5) Fig.3. Cross sectional arrangements for mid-spans of bridges 92 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Table 2. Analysis cases for straight haunched continuous bridges Cross H/Lm r α ɣ Span Case Span length, Lm (m) Section ratio ratio ratio ratio Configuration Type A 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 0,03 1 0,33 - 3 simple span B 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 0,03 1 0,33 1 3 two-span 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0.1 0,9 0.2 C 30 0,03 1,00 0.3 0,5 3 four-span 0.33 1,20 0.4 1,40 0.5 1,60 1,80 2,00 0,25 0,33 0,5 0,6 three-span four-span D 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 0,03 1 0,33 0,67 3 five-span 0,75 six-span 0,8 0,83 1 1, 2, 3, 4, E 30 0,03 1 0,33 0,5 four-span 5 3. Dynamic Analysis Results other variables are constant. As shown in Fig. 5, curves are converged to second-order equation. These increments of The effects of r, α and ɣ ratios, maximum span length, cross- natural frequencies are valid for almost all α ratios but α is section configuration and span configuration on natural equal to 0.1. As α is equal to 0.1, there is a clear decreasing frequency are discussed and presented here. of natural frequencies after r = 1.0. While the r values increase from 1.0, natural frequencies decrease with second- 3.1 Effect of r and α ratios: order curve due to the relation between mass increment and natural frequency. Natural frequency can be more influenced To investigate the effects of r and α ratios on the natural by mass increment than stiffness increments as a result of frequency of steel I-girder continuous-span bridges with haunched section which is generated in very narrow straight haunched sections, four-span continuous bridges are haunched length (Fig.5a). Additionally, the increment of used with the span configuration as 15m-30m-30m-15m. The frequency is more obvious for the case between α = 0.5 and r and α ratios are respectively varied from 0.5 to 2.0. and 0.1 r = 1.0 and 1.2 respectively. Increment of frequency rate is to 0.5 (Table 2) as shown in Fig. 4. 3.35%. Differences of frequencies relative to given “r” and “α” values are given as Table 3. As “r” ratios increase, there is a clear increment mostly follows curve for the natural frequency while α ratios and all 93 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig.4. Natural frequencies versus “r” and “α” ratios (a)α= 0.1 (b) α=0.2 (c) α=0.3 (d) α=0.33 (e) α=0.4 (f) α=0.5 Fig.5. Natural frequencies versus “r” ratios corresponding to constant “α” for four-span straight haunched continuous bridges 94 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Table 3. Differences of natural frequencies relative to given r ratios corresponding α ratios r α r α r α No Freq. D %* No Freq. D %* No Freq. D %* ratio ratio ratio ratio ratio ratio 1 0.5 2.953 0.137 23 0.5 3.099 1.028 45 0.5 3.199 1.580 2 0.6 2.957 0.076 24 0.6 3.130 0.916 46 0.6 3.250 1.440 3 0.7 2.959 0.050 25 0.7 3.159 0.844 47 0.7 3.297 1.344 4 0.8 2.96 0.041 26 0.8 3.186 0.765 48 0.8 3.341 1.240 5 0.9 2.962 0.012 27 0.9 3.210 0.692 49 0.9 3.382 1.145 6 1.0 0.1 2.962 0.033 28 1.0 0.3 3.232 1.197 50 1.0 0.4 3.421 2.044 7 1.2 2.961 0.038 29 1.2 3.271 0.977 51 1.2 3.491 1.740 8 1.4 2.960 0.075 30 1.4 3.303 0.795 52 1.4 3.552 1.481 9 1.6 2.958 0.087 31 1.6 3.329 0.643 53 1.6 3.604 1.258 10 1.8 2.955 0.093 32 1.8 3.351 0.516 54 1.8 3.650 1.067 11 2.0 2.952 - 33 2.0 3.368 - 55 2.0 3.689 - 12 0.5 3.025 0.590 34 0.5 3.125 1.178 56 0.5 3.343 2.372 13 0.6 3.043 0.497 35 0.6 3.162 1.058 57 0.6 3.422 2.202 14 0.7 3.058 0.445 36 0.7 3.195 0.981 58 0.7 3.498 2.078 15 0.8 3.072 0.386 37 0.8 3.227 0.895 59 0.8 3.570 1.948 16 0.9 3.083 0.334 38 0.9 3.256 0.816 60 0.9 3.640 1.827 17 1.0 0.2 3.094 0.539 39 1.0 0.33 3.282 1.428 61 1.0 0.5 3.706 3.355 18 1.2 3.110 0.398 40 1.2 3.329 1.184 62 1.2 3.831 2.961 19 1.4 3.123 0.288 41 1.4 3.369 0.979 63 1.4 3.944 2.617 20 1.6 3.132 0.202 42 1.6 3.402 0.806 64 1.6 4.047 2.316 21 1.8 3.138 0.135 43 1.8 3.429 0.661 65 1.8 4.141 2.051 22 2.0 3.142 - 44 2.0 3.452 - 66 2.0 4.226 - *Difference relative to r ratio; D % = [(f(xi+1)-f(xi))/ f(xi+1)]*100 Peak values are shown as bold While “r” ratios and all other parameters are constant, the obvious for the case between r =2.0 and α= 0.4 and 0.5 effect of “α” ratio on the natural frequency is investigated as respectively. Increment of frequency rate is 14.57 %. The shown Fig. 6. As α values increase, the natural frequencies of differences of frequencies between cases are shown in bridges also increase with curves which converge to second- Table 4. order equation. The increment of natural frequency is more 95 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 (a) r=0.5 (b) r=0.6 (c) r=0.7 (d) r=0.8 (e) r=0.9 (f) r=1.0 (g) r=1.2 (h) r=1.4 (i) r=1.6 (j) r=1.8 (k) r=2.0 Fig.6. Natural frequencies versus “α” ratios for four-span straight haunched continuous bridges 96 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Table 4. Differences of natural frequencies relative to given α ratios corresponding r ratios r α r α r α No Freq. D %* No Freq. D %* No Freq. D %* ratio ratio ratio ratio ratio ratio 1 0.1 2.953 2.455 25 0.1 2.962 4.117 49 0.1 2.958 5.891 2 0.2 3.025 2.433 26 0.2 3.083 4.110 50 0.2 3.132 6.307 3 0.3 3.099 0.858 27 0.3 3.210 1.418 51 0.3 3.329 2.168 0.5 0.9 1.6 4 0.33 3.125 2.368 28 0.33 3.256 3.889 52 0.33 3.402 5.961 5 0.4 3.199 4.497 29 0.4 3.382 7.618 53 0.4 3.604 12.296 6 0.5 3.343 - 30 0.5 3.640 - 54 0.5 4.047 7 0.1 2.957 2.918 31 0.1 2.962 4.452 55 0.1 2.955 6.197 8 0.2 3.043 2.879 32 0.2 3.094 4.481 56 0.2 3.138 6.775 9 0.3 3.130 1.008 33 0.3 3.232 1.543 57 0.3 3.351 2.334 0.6 1.0 1.8 10 0.33 3.162 2.775 34 0.33 3.282 4.228 58 0.33 3.429 6.437 11 0.4 3.250 5.312 35 0.4 3.421 8.344 59 0.4 3.650 13.469 12 0.5 3.422 - 36 0.5 3.706 - 60 0.5 4.141 - 13 0.1 2.959 3.351 37 0.1 2.961 5.050 61 0.1 2.952 6.440 14 0.2 3.058 3.308 38 0.2 3.110 5.165 62 0.2 3.142 7.181 15 0.3 3.159 1.151 39 0.3 3.271 1.774 63 0.3 3.368 2.481 0.7 1.2 2.0 16 0.33 3.195 3.164 40 0.33 3.329 4.861 64 0.33 3.452 6.866 17 0.4 3.297 6.103 41 0.4 3.491 9.736 65 0.4 3.689 14.574 18 0.5 3.498 - 42 0.5 3.831 - 66 0.5 4.226 - 19 0.1 2.960 3.759 43 0.1 2.960 5,507 20 0.2 3.072 3.718 44 0.2 3.123 5.773 21 0.3 3.186 1.288 45 0.3 3.303 1.982 0.8 1.4 22 0.33 3.227 3.535 46 0.33 3.369 5.437 23 0.4 3.341 6.871 47 0.4 3.552 11.053 24 0.5 3.570 - 48 0.5 3.944 - *Difference relative to r ratio; D % = [(f(xi+1)-f(xi))/ f(xi+1)] *100 Peak values are shown as bold 3.2 Effect of Maximum Span Length: bridges that have different span configuration tend to close each other. This is also observed by Barth [10]. In general, The effects of maximum span lengths on natural frequencies frequencies of continuous bridges having same maximum of steel I-girder continuous-span bridges with straight span length decrease with increment of span number. haunched sections are investigated. For this purpose; single, However, Fig. 8 shows that frequency of three span bridges two, three, four, five and six continuous-span bridges which have higher natural frequencies than the others. have α and r ratios respectively equal to 0.33 and 1, are Especially three-span continuous bridges show dispersion on considered. Maximum span lengths of those bridges have frequencies even though bridges have same maximum span been selected as 15, 30 ,45, 60, 75 and 90 m. As shown in lengths. This dispersion can be result of side span’s effect on Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, while maximum span lengths (Lmax) natural frequency. As side spans are generated in wide range increase, frequencies of continuous bridges clearly decrease. that is from 0.25 portion of middle span to 1.0, middle span Span configuration’s effect on natural frequency decreases is considered as maximum span length for three span with increment of span length. In other words, as maximum continuous bridges and middle span’s dynamic contribution span lengths values increase, the natural frequencies of decreases with different range of side spans. 97 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig.7. Natural Frequencies versus span number and Lmax Fig.8.Distribution of natural frequencies versus span numbers and maximum span lengths (a) Simple Span (b) 2 Span (c) 3 Span (d) 4 Span 98 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 (e) 5 Span (f) 6 Span Fig.9. Natural frequencies versus maximum span lengths for different span numbers of straight haunched continuous bridges According to Fig. 9, as maximum span lengths increase, the 3.3 Effect of ɣ Ratio: natural frequencies decrease with following curve. For almost all curves, ‘a.xb’ curve gives the best fitting. Curve The effect of ɣ ratio on natural frequencies of steel I-girder fitting parameters a and b, are given in Table 5 for different continuous-span bridges with straight haunched sections is span arrangements investigated. To determine effect of ɣ ratios on the natural frequencies; three, four, five and six continuous-span bridges Table 5 Curve fitting parameters are generated with using ɣ ratios between 0.25 to 1.0. For all considered bridge models, α and r ratios are respectively a b Span Arrangement taken as 0.33 and 1. Additionally, the relation between ɣ ratio and natural 26.947 -0.720 single-span frequency of bridge is shown Fig. 10 considering maximum 27.377 -0.726 two-span span lengths for all types of span numbers. According to Fig. 10, it seems that natural frequency of bridge decreases while 17.336 -0.523 three-span ɣ ratio increases with constant maximum span length of 21.494 -0.611 four-span bridge. Typically, decreasing of natural frequencies follow to 22.557 -0.640 five-span straight line. 23.381 -0.658 six-span (a) 3 Span (b) 4 Span (c) 5 Span (d) 6 Span Fig.10. Natural Frequencies versus ɣ ratios 99 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 3.4 Effect of Cross-Section Arrangement: than the other models and accordingly, CS-4 has biggest frequency value, as CS-5’s frequency is the smallest. The To investigate cross-sectional effect on the natural frequency, maximum difference of the natural frequency is obtained as five different steel bridges with variable cross-section are 18.5 % between CS-5 having 3 steel I-girders and CS-4 generated. For all generated bridges; α and r ratios are having 5 steel I-girders. respectively taken as 0.33 and 1.0 as shown in Table 2, Case E. 15m-30m-30m-15m span arrangement is used. 3.5 Effect of Support Condition: Concrete slab thickness and width are respectively used with same dimensions as 0.2 m and 12 m in all numerically From two-span to six-span continuous bridges are used.to modelled continuous bridges. investigate support condition on the natural frequency of continuous-span bridge. The pin constrains that prevent three The natural frequencies of CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, CS-4 and CS-5 translational displacements are used at edge supports for respectively equal to 3.289, 3.280, 3.282, 3.510 and 2.963. continuous bridges. Roller constrains that prevent vertical CS-1, CS-2 and CS-3 have equal steel girder. Girder spacing and transverse displacements are used at the middle supports. and diaphragm lengths of CS-2 are smaller than CS-1 and General geometry is shown on typical four-span continuous CS-3. The natural frequencies of CS-1, CS-2 and CS-3 are bridge with straight haunched section in Fig.11. slightly changed with changing steel girder space. Maximum For all models include two, three, four, five and six-span difference of natural frequencies is obtained as 0.26 % continuous bridges are analysed with two different support between CS-1 and CS-2. With decreasing diaphragm lengths conditions (Fig. 2 and Fig. 11). The natural frequencies of and therefore decreasing mass can affect to this small bridges having two pin constrains at edge supports are increment on the natural frequency. smaller than the natural frequencies of bridges having CS-3, CS-4 and CS-5 which have same distance to concrete one pin constrains at starting support. The maximum edge, are used to obtain effect of girder number on the difference is observed as 15 % in all analysed cases of natural frequency. Vertical rigidity of CS-4 should be more continuous bridges with different span arrangements. Fig.11. Geometry of continuous-span bridges with two pin constrains at starting and ending supports 4. Summary and Conclusions and b values has been produced corresponding span arrangement. This paper investigates the effect of various parameters on 3. Effect of the ratio between middle span length and the natural frequency of continuous-span composite steel I- side span length (ɣ) on the natural frequency is also girder bridges with straight haunched section. 153 numerical important factor. Natural frequencies of bridges that models are analysed by using 3-D finite element models by have same span number, linearly decrease with using CSIBridge. The following conclusions can be drawn increasing ɣ ratios. based on the results of the analyses: 4. The natural frequencies of bridges can be changed by using different steel girder numbers and girder 1. While other parameters are constant; as r values spacing. The steel girder numbers are more efficient increases, the natural frequency of continuous on the natural frequency than steel girder spacing. bridge increases. Likewise, the natural frequencies The difference is obtained as 0.26 %due to effect of of continuous bridges increase with increment of α steel girder spacing with the same number of steel I- values. As given Table 3, the maximum difference girders while the difference is obtained up to is found as 3.35 % under the condition which α 18.5 %due to the effect of steel girder numbers values are constant and r values are variable. decreasing from 5 steel I-girders to 3 steel I-girders. Otherwise, the maximum difference is found as 5. Finally it is observed that the edge supports 14.57 %under the condition which r values are conditions of continuous bridges have also effect on constant and α values are variable as shown Table 4. the natural frequency. As ending support condition 2. Maximum span length of bridge has important is changed from roller to pinned support, difference effect on the natural frequencies of continuous-span is obtained up to 15 % in studied cases with bridges. In general, the natural frequency of bridge different span arrangement. decreases with following curve while maximum span length increases. For all curves, ‘a.xb’ expression gives best fitting. Depend on results, a 100 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Hüseyin Sağlık et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 References [7] El-Mezaini N., Balkaya Can and Citipitioglu E., “Analysis of frames with nonprismatic members.”, ASCE, [1] Wolek AL, Barton FW, Baber TT and Mckeel WT Jr., Journal of Structural Engineering, 117(6), 1573-1592, 1991. “Dynamic fields testing of the route 58 Meherrin river [8] Balkaya Can, “Behavior and modeling of nonprismatic bridge”, Charlottesville (VA): Virginia Transportation members having T-sections” ASCE, Journal of Structural Research Council; 1996. Engineering, 127(8), 940-946, 2001. [2] Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, 2nd. Edition, [9] Gao Qingfei, Wang Zonglin and Guo Binqiang, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, “Modified formula of estimating fundamental frequency of Downsview, Ontario, Canada, 1983. girder bridge with variable cross-section”, Key Engineering [3] 92 Austroads bridge design code, Section two-code Materials Vol 540 pp 99-106, 2013. design loads and its commentary, Austroads, Haymarket, [10] CSIBridge 2017 v19, Integrated 3D Bridge Analysis Australia, 1992. Software, Computer and Structures Inc., Berkeley, [4] AASHTO. Standard specifications for highway bridges, California. 17th. Ed. Washington, DC: American Association of State [11] Barth KE and H. Wu., “Development of improved Highway and Transportation Official, 2002. natural frequency equations for continuous span steel I-girder [5] AASHTO. LRFD bridge design specifications, 7th. Ed. bridges.”, Engineering Structures 29 (12): 3432-3442, 2007. Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway [12] Warren J. Ashley, Sotelino Elisa D. and Cousins and Transportation Official, 2014. Thomas E., “Finite element model efficiency for modal [6] Roeder CW, Barth KB and Bergman A., “Improved live- analysis of slab-on-girder bridges”, 2009. load deflection criteria for steel bridges. Final report NCHRP’ Seattle (WA): University of Washington”, 2002. 101 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Perihan Akan et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 A General Approach to Accreditation of Environmental Laboratories in Turkey Perihan Akan*‡, Ozlem Muge Testik ** * Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey ** Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey (apakan@hacettepe.edu.tr, ozlemaydin@hacettepe.edu.tr) ‡ Corresponding Author; Perihan Akan, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey, Tel.: +90 312 2977800 Fax: +90 312 2992053, apakan@hacettepe.edu.tr Received: 27.03.2018 Accepted: 04.06.2018 Abstract- In this study, the accreditation of environmental parameters and types of laboratories accredited by ISO 17025 Standard were compared. In Turkey, environmental laboratories were classified as public, private and university laboratories. Furthermore, environmental parameters considered in this study are water quality parameters and air quality parameters. In current study, 43 water quality parameters in university and 47 water quality parameters in public and private institutions were examined with regard to accredited laboratories in Turkey. Accredited water quality parameters in public and private institutions as different from universities are Total Solid, Ammonia/Ammonia Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen. As for air quality parameters, the number of air quality parameters accredited in public and private institutions is approximately twice as air parameters accredited in universities (42 and 26, respectively). The most accredited water parameter is pH, with total of 65, where 44 of them are private, 11 are public and 10 are university laboratories. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Suspended Solid (SS) are placed in the second order with total of 56. Here, 39 private, 10 public and 7 university laboratories are accredited in terms of COD and 40 private, 10 public and 6 university laboratories are accredited in terms of SS. Conductivity is next remarkable parameter with total of 53 institutions (37 private, 8 public and 8 university laboratories). In air parameters, the most accredited one is the SO2, with total of 52 institutions (49 private, 2 publics and 1 university laboratory). Keywords Laboratory accreditation, environmental quality parameters, ISO 17025, quality management system. 1. Introduction effectiveness of the regulations to be taken for the protection It is a well-knownfact that environmental pollution is and control of water quality can be listed as the objectives of considered, water pollution and air pollution first come to water quality management [1]. The air like the water is mind. The most important and first step to be able to identify necessary to life. Living organisms would like to be assured the pollution factors, to estimate the dimensions of the that the air that they consumed will not result in harm effects pollution and to take precautions is to monitor the pollutants on them [2]. Hence, air pollutants released into the in the medium. The monitoring of the environmental atmosphere must be monitored and evaluated [3]. The pollutants plays a significant role in the development and accredited laboratories proving that test and analysis results implementation of environmental policies. Water quality are reliable by third parties and institutions must be preferred must be monitored and assessed for the treatment of water for the monitoring of concentrations of pollutants bringing resources contaminated by agricultural or industrial activities about severe environmental problems such as water pollution and also for the protection of natural water resources, which and air pollution and the measurement of the environmental are essential to human and other living organisms. The parameters employed as an indicator in the control protection of public health, the providing of aesthetic or mechanism of the pollutants [4]. social goals of water quality, the determination of the 102 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Perihan Akan et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Laboratory accreditation can be described as a formal non-accredited laboratories in terms of performance in recognition by an authoritative body of the technical proficiency testing. In this study, comparisons were made of competence of a laboratory to perform tests or calibrations. z-scores between accredited and non-accredited laboratories This recognition is given by an accreditation body, which for the data as a whole, as well as for subsets of the data plays role as a third party between the laboratory and its partitioned into groups such as inorganic tests, organic tests clients, and intends to provide confidence between them. One and microbiological tests. The study exhibited that the of the fundamental goals in the presence of accreditation difference between accredited and non-accredited systems is the need to remove technical barriers to laboratories was much greater than unsatisfactory results international trade, i.e. that a product once tested in an were compared. accredited laboratory should not need to be retested by the Furthermore, the general conclusion of the study showed client, since another accredited laboratory in another country that accredited laboratories continually outperform non- would find a similar result [5, 6]. accredited laboratories as a group. Cortez [5] implemented a Accreditation provides an independent conformation of case study investigating if accredited laboratories perform organizational competence having policies in place, a quality better than others in a proficiency testing. In this study, 33 management system and audit systems to support self- parameters including pH, conductivity, alkalinity, rugalation [7]. Laboratory accreditation evaluates the bicarbonate, hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO 2- -4 , F , competencies of all types of laboratories with regard to SiO , NO -, NO -, NH +, PO 3-2 3 2 4 4 , Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Ba, Sr, performing specific tests and calibrations. ISO and the Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Sb, Se, Hg, Ag, and Pb were examined. The International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC) 76 participating laboratories represented all types of introduced ISO/IEC 17025 standard, which is significantly laboratories from governmental and regulatory bodies, to related to documenting the process of any analysis performed public, private, industrial and university laboratories by a laboratory, owing to the increasing significance of investigated. The results of the study showed that accredited accreditation and international recognition. ISO 17025 results have a significantly higher percentage of satisfactory consists of the quality management system and technical results. requirements of the accreditation process [8, 9]. The quality management system of a laboratory is associated with the 2. Materials and Methods guarantee of the consistency of test results and their conformity with defined criteria. As for technical In this study, the status of the accreditation of requirements for ISO 17025 standard, environment, environmental parameters was evaluated and types of equipment, reagents, culture media and reference materials, laboratories accredited by ISO 17025 Standard were sampling and sample handling, test methods, and quality of compared. In Turkey, laboratories were classified as public, performance are considered [10]. The variability of test private and university laboratories for analysis. In current results and the frequency of errors can be reduced by study, 43 water quality parameters in universities and 47 implementing and monitoring a comprehensive laboratory water quality parameters in public and private institution quality management system [11 were examined with regard to accredited laboratories in In recent years, many studies are focused on the Turkey. These parameters are pH, conductivity, BOD, importance of laboratory accreditation on especially accuracy Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), of experimental results. The summary of the previous studies Hardness, Temperature, Color, Alkalinity, Ammonia, performed for the assessment of laboratory accreditation in a Ammonia Nitrogen, Calcium (EDTA Method), Chlorophyll, variety of topics is listed in the following: Morris and Macey Residual Chlorine, Chloride, Chromium, Magnesium, [12] investigated the performance of environmental Nitrate/Nitrate Nitrogen, Nitrite/Nitrite Nitrogen, Light laboratories with two different studies including the 1997 study implemented between 1994 and 1996, and the 2001 Transmittance, Total Solid (TS), Suspended Solid (SS), study implemented between 1997 and 1999 in Canada. Ammonium, Ammonium Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Phosphate/Orthophosphate Phosphorous, Total Phosphorous, Solids (TSS), Chloride (CL), Dissolved Iron (DFE), Fecal Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Sulfate, Escherichia coli (E. Coliforms (FCOL) were examined environmental coli) and Coliform Bacteria Count, FCOL, Total Dissolved parameters. They concluded that in both studies, accredited Solid, Oil-Grease, Turbidity, Total Organic Carbon, Arsenic laboratories outperformed non-accredited laboratories in all (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), measures. Lopez et al., [13] examined the perceived value of Calcium (ICP-MS Method), Zinc (Zn), Aluminum (Al), accreditation among individuals who have successfully Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Silver (Ag), Sodium (Na), achieved the Intersocietal Accreditation Commission (IAC) Potassium (K). echocardiography accreditation. In their study, an electronic survey was sent to accredited facilities soliciting Accreditation water quality parameters in public and demographic data along with questions regarding the perceived value of accreditation related to 15 quality private institution as different from universities are Total indicators. In the result of the study, more than 90 % of Solid, Ammonia, Ammonia Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen and respondents reported that maintaining accreditation was TKN. Furthermore, the number of air quality parameters important for improved quality and better reimbursement. accredited in public and private institutions is approximately Middlebrook [14] compared the accredited laboratories with twice as air parameters accredited in universities (42 and 26 103 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Perihan Akan et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 respectively). Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Volatile Organic Carbon of environmental parameters. In this study, 43 water quality (VOC), Particulate Matter (PM10), Hydrogen Cyanide parameters and 26 air quality parameters in university (HCN), Sootiness, Moisture, Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon laboratories and 47 water quality parameters and 46 air Dioxide (CO ), Oxygen (O ), Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, quality parameters in public and private institution 2 2 etc.) were some of air quality parameters examined in this laboratories were investigated in accordance with their accreditation status. According to data obtained from TAA, study. 24 of the private corporation laboratories are not accredited in terms of water parameters and 12 of them are not 3. Results accredited in terms of air parameters, too. Similar to universities, only one public institution has accredited In this study, 184 university laboratories, 11 public and laboratory with regard to air quality parameters. The current 71 private institution laboratories were examined in terms of status of water and air quality parameters of the universities their accreditation status in environmental quality parameters. and public institutions having accredited laboratories in Unfortunately, only 26 universities in Turkey have accredited Turkey are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. laboratories and also only 10 of them are accredited in terms Table 1. Accreditation status of university laboratories. University Number of Accredited Number of Accredited Water Quality Parameters Air Quality Parameters Dokuz Eylul 43 26 Aksaray 39 0 Mugla Sıtkı Kocman 35 0 Anadolu 26 0 Bogazici 25 0 Balıkesir 24 0 Trakya 14 0 Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam 10 13 Mersin 2 0 Dicle 2 0 Among universities shown in Table 1, Dokuz Eylul, Aksaray and Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University are very successful in the accreditation of environmental parameters especially water quality parameters. Dokuz Eylul University is superior than other 9 universities in both accredited water and air quality parameters. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey called as its abbreviation (TUBITAK). TUBITAK has the most accreditation laboratories in terms of environmental parameters. Similar to universities, only one public institution (TUBITAK) has accredited laboratory with regard to air quality parameters in accordance with Table 2. Table 2. Accreditation status of public institution laboratories. Accreditation Status of Public Institution Laboratories Number of Accredited Number of Accredited Water Quality Parameters Air Quality Parameters The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey 36 17 Antalya Water and Sewage Authority General Directorate 35 0 Denizli Metropolitan Municipality 32 0 Antalya Metropolitan Municipality 28 0 Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality 27 0 Ministry of Environment and Urbanization 26 0 Izmir Water and Sewage Authority General Directorate 25 0 Istanbul Environmental Management Industry and Trade 21 0 Company Mugla Water and Sewage Authority General Directorate 7 0 (MUSKI) Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 4 0 MUSKI Bodrum Environmental Laboratory 4 0 There are 82 institutions (71 private and 11 public) that. Only 44 (62%) of private institutions with accredited accredited in terms of environmental parameters in Turkey. laboratories are accredited in terms of water quality All 11 institutions are accredited in all of water quality parameters. Hence, it can be said that to be successful in parameters while all 71 private institutions are not accredited accreditation of water quality parameters for some private 104 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Perihan Akan et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 institutions, while some ones have become accredited only accredited laboratories are accredited in terms of water on a few water quality parameters. Table 3 exhibits the quality parameters. Hence, it can be said that to be number of water parameters in accordance with accredited successful in accreditation of water quality parameters for institutions [4]. some private institutions, while some ones have become All 11 institutions are accredited in all of water quality accredited only on a few water quality parameters. Table 3 parameters while all 71 private institutions are not exhibits the number of water parameters in accordance accredited that. Only 44 (62%) of private institutions with with accredited institutions [4]. Table 3. The number of water parameters in terms of accredited institutions. Parameters Number of Accredited Institutions Total Private Public University pH 44 11 10 65 COD 39 10 7 56 SS 40 10 6 56 Conductivity 37 8 8 53 Oil-Grease 37 8 4 49 BOD 35 7 5 47 Temperature 38 2 2 42 The most accredited water parameter is pH, with for air quality parameters accredited in university and total of 65, where 44 of them are private, 11 are public and institution laboratories in Turkey, the most accredited one is 10 are university laboratories. COD and SS are placed in the SO2, with total of 53 (49 private, 2 public and 2 the second order with total of 56. Here, 39 private, 10 university laboratories) as shown in Table 4 [16]. Air public and 7 university laboratories are accredited in terms parameters compared to water quality parameters of COD and 40 private, 10 public and 6 university accredited in various institutions accredited only two laboratories are accredited in terms of SS. Conductivity is university laboratories (Dokuz Eylul University and the next remarkable parameter with total of 53 institutions Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University). (37 private, 8 public and 8 university laboratories) [4]. As Table 4. The number of air parameters in terms of accredited institutions. Parameters Number of Accredited Institutions Total Private Public University SO2 49 2 2 53 Sootiness 49 1 2 52 CO and CO2 48 2 2 52 O2 46 1 2 49 NOx 46 1 2 49 PM10 45 1 2 48 Humidity 42 1 2 45 4. Conclusion parameters. Moreover, pH, COD, SS, conductivity, oil- In this study, the status of the accreditation of environmental grease, BOD, temperature are the most accredited water parameters was evaluated and types of laboratories as quality parameters, respectively and also SO2, sootiness, CO public, private and university laboratories accredited by ISO as well as CO2 are the remarkable air quality parameters in 17025 Standard were compared in terms of the number of terms of accreditation status of especially private institution accredited environmental quality parameters. In accordance laboratories. In literature, along with the importance of with the result of this study, only three (Dokuz Eylul accredited laboratories has been increasing every passing University, Aksaray University and Mugla Sıtkı Kocman day, the number of studies covering the accreditation status University) of 184 universities in 2016-2017 academic year of particularly environmental laboratories is not enough to are more successful in accreditation of water quality identify the contents of studies implemented in this area. In parameters, while only one university laboratory (Dokuz this context, this study will shed light on the literature. Eylul University) shows accreditation in all air quality 105 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Perihan Akan et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Acknowledgements [9] “TS EN ISO/17025:2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories ” This study was presented as an extended abstract in 2nd http://www.iso.org/standard/39883.html Accessed 26th International Conference on Air, Water, and Soil Pollution March 2018 and Treatment (DOI: 10.11159/awspt17.119). [10] M. Upmann, R. Stephan, “Laboratory Accreditation”, References Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 667-674, 2014. [1] P.H. McGauhey, ‘Engineering management of water [11] T. F. Peter, P. D. Rotz, D. H. Blair, A. A. Khine, R. R. quality’, McGrow-Hill, University of California, Berkeley, Freeman, M. M. Murtagh, “Impact of laboratory 1968. accreditation on patient care and the health system”, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. vol. 134, pp. 550-555, 2010. [2] P. A. Vesilind, S. M. Morgan, L. G. Heine, ‘Introduction to environmental engineering’, 3rd ed. [12] A. Morris, D. Macey, “Laboratory Accreditation: Proof Cengage Learning, USA, 2010. of Performance for Environmental Laboratories-2001 study”, Accred Qual Assur, vol. 9, pp. 52-54, 2004. [3] J. R. Mihelcic, J. B. Zimmerman, ‘Environmental engineering fundamentals, sustainability, design’, 2nd ed. [13] L. Lopez, M. B. Farrell, J. Y. Choi, K. M. Cockroft, H. Wiley, USA, 2014. L. Gornik, G. V. Heller, S. D. Jerome, W. J. Manning, “Accreditation is perceived to improve echocardiography [4] P. Akan, O. M. Aydin Testik, “Examination of the laboratory quality: results of an intersocietal accreditation accreditation status of water quality parameters” The commission survey” Journal of Diagnostic Medical Turkish Journal of Occupational/ Environmental Medicine Sonography vol. 33 (3), pp.163-171, 2017. and Safety, vol.2. pp. 1-9, 2017. [14] K. Middlebrook, “Do accredited laboratories perform [5] L. Cortez, “The implementation of accreditation in a better in proficiency testing than non-accredited chemical laboratory. Trends in Analytical Chemistry” laboratories?” Accred Qual Assur, vol. 22, pp.111-117, 2017. Trends Analyt. Chem. vol. 18, pp. 638-643, 1999. [15]Turkish Accreditation Agency, [6] ISO/IEC Guide 2: Standardisation and related activities http://www.turkak.org.tr/turkaksite/Default_eng.aspx - General vocabulary, Geneva, 1996. Accessed: 26th March 2018. [7] B.W. J. Rankin, C. Welsh, “Accreditation”, [16] P. Akan, O. M. Aydin Testik, “Investigation of Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2nd ed., pp. 515-518, Accreditation Status of Environmental Parameters in Turkey”, Proceedings of the 2nd2013. World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, DOI: [8] E. Sadikoglu, T. Temur, “The Relationship Between 10.11159/awspt17.119, 3-4 April 2017. ISO 17025 Quality Management System Accreditation and Laboratory Performance”, Quality Management and Practices, Chp13, pp. 221-230, InTech Publisher, 2012. 106 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Akın Aras et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Investigation on Industry 4.0 and Virtual Commissioning Akın Aras*, Murat Ayaz**‡, Engin Özdemir***, Nurettin Abut* * Department of Electrical Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey **Department of Alternative Energy Resources Technology, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey ***Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey (akin.aras@siemens.com, murat.ayaz@kocaeli.edu.tr, eozdemir@kocaeli.edu.tr, abut@kocaeli.edu.tr) ‡ Corresponding Author; Murat Ayaz, Kocaeli University, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey, Tel: +90 (262) 371 23 95, Fax: +90 (262) 371 47 75, murat.ayaz@kocaeli.edu.tr Received: 03.04.2018 Accepted:24.05.2018 Abstract - The human being had been busy with mostly agricultural economy for a long history when the steam was considered as a resource of kinetic energy. Using the steam machine in textile industry for the first time in the UK at the beginning of the 18th century, would be called as “Industrial Revolution” many decades later. Respectively, second industrial revolution with the invention and utilizing of electricity, then third industrial revolution with the rise of electronics and automation followed this period. And today, we have been facing with the fourth industrial revolution via internet of things, augmented reality, learning machines, etc. One of the key technologies that are improved in this period is virtual commissioning. The aim of this contribution is to suggest a definition to the Industry 4.0 with its historical precursors, and to give a focus on virtual commissioning technology as an output of the fourth industrial revolution. Keywords: Industry 4.0, Big data, Virtual Commissioning, Siemens, Process Simulate, Simulation 1. Introduction Many new technologies have emerged during this new period. [2,3] They are Internet of things, smart factories, 3D When the “Industry 4.0” concept was verbalized in printers, augmented realities, wearable technologies, etc. [3] Hannover Fair in 2011 for the first time [1], the historical Virtual commissioning is one of these shining technologies. improvement of the industry became an interesting topic again. Since this statement was used, many people from In traditional commissioning, the automation program is various fields have focused on the main milestones of the tested on the real machine or production line. Virtual industry to understand the meaning of the fourth industrial commissioning has emerged as an answer to the necessity of revolution and to give a satisfying definition to this period. a technique that brings cost and time efficiency in commissioning process, and shortens the time to market. [4] The first industrial revolution emerged with the invention of the steam machine and its utilization in textile In the first part of this contribution, the Industry 4.0 industry in the UK, in early 18th century. The second one concept is analyzed in historical process and is tried to be can be stated as the invention and utilization of electricity defined in technological aspects. In the next part, its gainings and the emerging of the serial production lines in parallel to and effects are observed. In the last part, virtual this. The third one can be defined as the electronic control commissioning is explained with its advantages as cost and systems to be used in serial production lines as PLCs, robots, time efficient, and more flexible alternative to the traditional etc. And with the utilization of the huge data that is generated commissioning approaches. Besides, Siemens Process by the smartened things, the world has been talking about the Simulate and VR system with ABB RobotStudio and HTC Industry 4.0. Vive are observed at the end, as simplified, flexible and state of the art virtual commissioning solutions. 107 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Akın Aras et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 2. Industry 4.0 controllable and flexible. This situation led the quantity and the diversity of the industry products to increase. At the same At the beginning of the 18th century, the first steam time the requirement to the human muscle force decreased, machines, a sample can be seen in Fig. 1, had been invented the need of the technical knowledge and skills increased. and were used in textile industry. As soon as the steam This period that the automation systems transformed the machines took the place of the human muscle force, the industry is named as third industrial revolution. labour force that was earlier working in agriculture shifted into mechanized production eventually. Fig. 3. Programmable Logic Controllers (the one in the front is an I/O module) [7] Fig. 1. Steam Machine [5] In automated serial production lines, huge information is generated by various sources such as sensors, valves, motors This situation caused migration from rural to urban areas and robots. This unprocessed information is called as big and led the powerful states researching raw materials in order data. The processing and reuse of this big data and beyond to produce even more. This period is named as industrial this, the pursuit of transforming all things to be able to revolution in world history. produce data, gave birth to the fourth industrial revolution. In Almost 100 years later, via the invention of electricity this regard, “Industry 4.0” statement was used in Hannover and the integration of the electrical machines, a sample can Fair in 2011 for the first time. be seen in Fig. 2, to industry, serial production lines According to a study [3], the integration of Internet of emerged. As a result of people to work in serial production Things to the manufacturing environments is forcing the lines, the production outcomes increased rapidly. Thus, more fourth industrial revolution. The cyber-physical systems industry products were released to market in less time. The allow the companies to incorporate their machinery, topics such as decreasing costs and increasing reachability of warehouse and production systems under one unique the products affected the societies as well. As a cycle effect, network. This facilitates the smart machines and production the increasing populations of the urban areas caused more facilities to exchange information autonomously and to labour force and more industry products to emerge. This control their jobs independently. In Industry 4.0 concept, the period that the industry was transformed with the electricity smart factories let the smart products to be produced with is named as second industrial revolution. more flexibility, considering not only the market demands but also the individual customer requirements. The core factor behind this dynamic business model is the big data that is generated in the manufacturing environment. 2.1. Big Data The key point of fourth industrial revolution is creating value from the huge information that is generated by various objects. Along with the analyze and reuse of the data that is generated from the things, new research and application fields emerged that are recently named as “smart factories”, Fig. 2. Electrical Machine [6] “cyber-physical systems”, “augmented reality”, “autonomous robots”, “additive manufacturing”, “cloud computing”, Along with the electronics was improved in 20th century “Internet of Things” and further can be seen in Fig. 4. and the PLCs, some sample models can be seen in Fig. 3, were integrated into industry 40-50 years ago from today, the As stated by Ninan et al. [8], almost all objects are likely automation era began. As a benefit of the PLCs to be used in to be turned to source of data by Internet of Things the industry, the serial production lines became more technologies. According to them, the sequence of activities to 108 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Akın Aras et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 create value from information can be defined as the 2.2. Changing Business Lines Information Value Loop Fig. 5. This value created data changes the industry and also the society in various aspects. In this period of the industry to be transformed, many business lines have been disappeared while new business lines have been appeared. In automation era, the robotic systems rapidly invaded in the places of the nonskilled work force by performing the repetitious jobs in manufacturing. However new specialties that emerged in this period like automation, robotics, mechatronics provided new job fields. In Industry 4.0 era, the smart systems will be likely taking the places of the skilled work force those are performing repetitious jobs in manufacturing and in offices as well, such as complex assembly, quality control, planning, etc. Same as in automation era, this repetitious job killing process have led new specialties to emerge like: - 3D manufacturing engineering: Along with the Fig. 4. Industry 4.0 components [9] improvement of 3D printers, the additive manufacturing According to this loop, an act is defined by sensors and entered into focus in various industries. This technology information is created by this way. Then this information is necessitates specialized technical people. communicated via network and is aggregated by standards. - Big Data Analyst: Since the core topic of Industry 4.0 Augmented intelligence techniques allow the information to is big data, the requirement of specialized people for be analyzed. At the end of the loop, improved action is analysing this data has emerged. reached by augmented behaviour techniques. Fig. 5. Information Value Loop [8] 109 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Akın Aras et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig. 6. Shifting in the Jobs in Industry 4.0 Era [10] - Robotics engineering: Since robots have already services, creates new digital products, utilizing big data invaded in manufacturing industry, along with the advanced analytics as service, personalizing products and etc. Besides dynamics technologies, the robots have been taking their this, Industry 4.0 is increasing the efficiency of the systems places in society step by step in logistics, warehouse by utilizing big data analytics for real-time quality control, operations, personal assistance, etc. These functions point increasing the flexibility and adaptability of production, out the requirement for specialized robotics experts. using predictive algorithms to increase the equipment - Drone pilot: Drones have already been used in efficiency and etc. photography and film industries, logistics, security, etc. Considering these benefits of Industry 4.0, the Virtual Although this field is very new, drone pilot jobs are likely Commissioning is one of the technologies that stepped to be more popular. forward in this new period. In the next part, virtual - Simulation engineering: Utilizing the big data, the commissioning systems for serial productions lines are manufacturing systems can be simulated. This technology explained and virtual communication software is observed. has led virtual commissioning as it is explained in a detailed way in this article. 3. Virtual Commissioning In order to reveal the shifting in jobs in Industry 4.0 era Virtual commissioning for the serial production lines [10], the below graphic in Fig. 6 would be beneficial. stepped forward as one of the innovations that were brought by the fourth industrial revolution. In traditional approach, 2.3. Revenue, Cost and Efficiency Benefits of Industry 4.0 the automation program is prepared and after that, the production line is mechanically installed in real Along with the transformation of big data to smart environment. Subsequent to this, the automation program is knowledge, there have been outstanding revenue, cost and tested on the site components (sensors, motors, valves, etc.) efficiency benefits of the fourth industrial revolution. via PLC and thus the commissioning of the production line is performed. In this process, the errors in the automation A study [11] demonstrates that Industry 4.0 is program and mechanical design are detected and fixed. At increasing the revenue by digitizing the products and 110 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Akın Aras et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 the same time, the product prototype quality is aimed to be environments, and virtual environments as a monitoring reached to the requested level for the serial production. system. According to a study [12], the commissioning period takes up to 25% and correcting errors in the automation program takes up to %15 of the time that is used for plant engineering and construction. As a possible solution to these problems the authors propose virtual commissioning. In virtual commissioning concept, the process is performed in the computer environment via a real PLC or soft PLC. The purpose in this process is to detect and fix the errors in early phase. In order to realize this, the simulation model of the production line is prepared in simulation software including all of the components (sensors, motors, valves, etc.) that will be used. By means of the automation program to be communicated with the simulation software, the process of the machine or the Fig. 7. Siemens Process Simulate – 1 [15] production line is virtually observed and all program and These steps can be detailed like that: characterizing the design bugs can be fixed in this virtual environment. system means to specify the working principles of the An experimental study in virtual commissioning [13] system. Then the system is needed to be designed in a CAD shows the advantages of this technique to the traditional program like NX (Siemens PLM Software) or CATIA. Any commissioning. The study was performed with two groups, CAD programs can be used for the design; however, the file each of them containing 30 people. One group used virtual then should be inserted in NX at the end, in order to convert commissioning for programming a machine. The other it into. JT extension file. Then the design can be put into group did not use virtual commissioning and the results Process Simulate because it only needs JT file to be able to were compared. The tested system was a tin can be convert it to a COJT file. Then the virtual environment moulding press and the PLC was Siemens S7-300 model should be created via defining the movements. In this that uses 10 actuator outputs and 17 sensor inputs. The first process, the internal logic blocks are also defined. Then the group prepared the PLC program and then tested it on the PLC program is prepared. The PLC program can be real machine. The second group made the programming and connected to Process Simulate using PLCSIM. The testing on a virtual model. They performed real PLCSIM is software that allows the PLC programs to be commissioning after verifying their program on the virtual simulated and tested. After the PLC program works model. The second group achieved a %75 shortened properly on simulation, then it is downloaded to the PLC commissioning times. This result mainly caused by the and tested on the real environment. And when it works improved accuracy of the program at the virtual properly on the real system, the simulation can be used as a commissioning period and shows the advantages of this monitoring system. The connection between the PLC and technique. However, the virtual model was ready at the the Process Simulate is done via Siemens OPC software. beginning of the second group’s work so the time required Then the authors suggest utilizing these five steps to for preparing the virtual model was not taken into establish a simulation methodology for the manufacturing consideration. In the conclusion, the authors indicate the processes. necessity of a simplified and accelerated virtual model building approach. [14] As a simplified and flexible solution to virtual modeling and commissioning, Siemens Process Simulate software is observed in the following section. 3.1. Siemens Process Simulate Process Simulate, sample screenshots can be seen in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, is software that is developed by Siemens and it is used to digitalize and verify the manufacturing processes in 3D environment [16]. In this software, manufacturing systems can be comprehensively designed and validated via advanced 3D environment. In order to simplify and accelerate the virtual commissioning process on Siemens Process Simulate, these steps are defined in a study [17] to be followed respectively: Characterizing the system, computer aided design, virtual environments, testing the virtual Fig. 8. Siemens Process Simulate - 2 111 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Akın Aras et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 4. ABB RobotStudio and HTC Vive VR System ABB RobotStudio is software that allows robotic production lines to be designed and simulated on computer environment. Offline robot programming also can be performed in this software. Using HTC Vive VR system with this software, the robotic production lines can be virtually realized. The block diagram in Fig. 9 shows the hardware scope of the VR system. HTC Vive is a virtual reality system. HTC Vive VR system consists of three main components. They are the main stations, controllers and headset as shown in Fig. 10. The headset and the hand controllers are tracked devices. Fig. 12. VR System Application -2 With the help of the main stations, they can locate themselves in the virtual world. 5. Conclusion Once the robotic production line is simulated in ABB In this contribution, Industry 4.0 concept and its RobotStudio, HTC Vive virtual reality system can be components are explained with their effects on production connected to the simulation. So that it gives the opportunity lines. Via the observation of the virtual commissioning to feel as if you are in the virtual world of the simulated technology with different software, it is shown that this line. With the movement of the headset and the hand technology is cost and time efficient, and more flexible controllers as it can be seen in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12, the alternative to the traditional commissioning approaches. person can move in the ABB RobotStudio virtual environment and observe any point that the controllers are Acknowledgements aimed. The laptop screens in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 shows the change in the point of view, according to the movement of The author gratefully acknowledges the support of Mr. the controllers with the person. Haluk Ozcan from Robo Automation for sharing valuable information about virtual commissioning. PC ABB HTC Vive RobotStudio VR System The author also gratefully thanks to Mr. Gokhan Oguz from MekaSim Engineering for the support about ABB RobotStudio and HTC Vive VR system. Fig. 9. Block diagram of VR simulation system References [1] S. Alçın, “Endüstri 4.0 ve İnsan Kaynakları”, Popüler Yönetim Dergisi, vol. 63, p. 47, 2016. [2] T. Stock, G. Seliger, “Opportunities of Sustainable Manufacturing in Industry 4.0”, Procedia CIRP, vol. 40, ss. 536-541, December 2016. [3] Plattform Industrie 4.0, Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0 - Fig. 10. HTC Vive main components [18] Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group, Acatech, April 2013. [4] P. Puntel-Schmidt, A. Fay, “Levels of Detail and Appropriate Model Types for Virtual Commissioning in Manufacturing Engineering”, IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 48-1, pp. 922-927, February 2015. [5] http://www.whoinventedfirst.com/invented-steam- engine/ [6] http://www.bilgibaba.org/yazi/elektrik-motoru-nedir- nasil-calisir [7] https://w3.siemens.com/mcms/programmable-logic-controller/en/advanced-controller/pages/default_alt.aspx Fig. 11. VR System Application -1 [8] S. Ninan, B. Gangula, M. von Alten, B. Snidermann, “Who owns the road? The IoT-connected car of today- and tomorow”, Deloitte University Press, August 2015. 112 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Akın Aras et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 [9] https://www.semiwiki.com/forum/content/6341- [14] P. Hoffmann, R. Schumann, T. Maksoud, G. industry-4-0-manufacturing-processes.html Premier, “Virtual Commissioning of Manufacturing [10] https://www.bcg.com/publications/2015/technolog Systems: A Review and New Approaches for y-business-transformation-engineered-products- Simplification”, 24th European Conference on infrastructure-man-machine-industry-4.aspx Modelling and Simulation, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 175-181, 01-04 June 2010. [11] R. Geissbauer, J. Vedso, S. Schrauf, “Industry 4.0: Building the digital enterprise”, [15] https://www.cardsplmsolutions.nl/en/plm- www.pwc.com/industry40, April 2016. software/tecnomatix/process-simulate-23/screenshots [12] M. F. Zäh, G. Wünsch, “Schnelle Inbetriebnahme [16] https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/en/prod von Produktionssystemen”, wt Werkstattstechnik ucts/tecnomatix/manufacturing- online, vol. 95, pp. 699-704, September 2005. simulation/assembly/process-simulate.shtml [13] M. F. Zäh, G. Wünsch, T. Hensel, A. Lindworsky, [17] L. Guerrero, V. López, J. Mejía, “Virtual “Nutzen der virtuellen Inbetriebnahme: Ein experiment Commissioning with Process Simulation - Use of virtual commissioning: An experiment”, ZWF (Tecnomatix)”, Computer-Aided Design and Zeitschrift fuer Wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb, vol. 101, Applications, vol. 11, pp. 11-19, July 2014. pp. 595-599, October 2006. [18] https://www.usgamer.net/articles/htc-vive-virtual- reality-systemdeluxe-audio-strap-549-black-friday-sale. 113 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Yalçın İsayev et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 A Novel Method for Increasing the Noise Immunity of Military Radio Systems via Self- Tuned Phased Array Antennas Yalçın İsayev *, Mustafa Emre Aydemir **‡, Ahed İsayev *, L.H. Mammadova* * War College of Armed Forces of the Azerbaijan Republic Azerbaijan Military High School after H.Aliev, Azerbaijan ** Department of Computer Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Gelisim University, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey (yalchin.isaev.73@mail.ru, meaydemir@gelisim.edu.tr, ahadisayev@mail.ru, nazrinb97@mail.ru) ‡ Corresponding Author; Mustafa Emre Aydemir, Department of Computer Eng., Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Gelisim University, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90 212 422 70 00 Fax: +90 212 422 74 01, meaydemir@gelisim.edu.tr Received: 17.04.2018 Accepted: 08.06.2018 Abstract- The noise immunity of radio systems is one of the most important topics in military science. In this article, the methods for increasing the noise immunity of military-purpose radio systems in connection with increasing the accuracy and reliability requirements of transmitted and received information using modern information technologies have been investigated. A novel analysis method to increase the noise immunity of radio systems for military purposes has been presented. Keywords Additive interference, antenna patterns, active-noise interference, correlation, spatial selection 1. Introduction 2. Active Masking Immunity and Safety Principles The detection and tracking of military targets by It is known that, when the coming f and heterodyne radar is realized in presence of various noise that are fh frequencies enter the mixer detector then the string of created by means of electronic warfare or natural |nf ± mfh| frequencies is formed at the output. If some of sources. Therefore, both at development and target these frequencies coincide with intermediate fmid one on applications of radar systems, safety precautions for which following stages of receiver are adjusted, then it noise immunity must be taken, which can be masking, is amplified and the receiving channel is created. In real misinforming or combined, that acts on both main and conditions, when fh >> fmid, contingent receiving side directional lobes of radar antenna [1]. channels are formed on the input frequencies [1]: The results of the evaluations of noise immunity can 1 be used as a base for determination of interference and 𝑓"# = 𝑚𝑓 ± 𝑓 𝑛 ( "*+ its parameters. On the other hand, the results of these investigations are needed during development of noise- The characteristics of directivity of pickup and protected radars. transmitting antennas for out-of-band emission, side emission and receiving channels differ for main emission and receiving channels by much level of side lobes. 114 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Yalçın İsayev et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 In many cases, in the same district the transmitter of slows down space survey if such concentration will be radio electronic emits out-of-band and contingent provide for all directions. In present, methods of signals, but receiving means also have contingent controlling survey with sequential analysis have been receiving channels. If main and contingent receiving developed, when the time of antenna directed to target channel coincide accidentally with main or contingent depends on detection conditions in particular on emission channels and the power of emission signal is interference conditions. The application of transmitting high, then there is bilateral masking interference. antenna with electronic control of ray beam in form of The electromagnetic compatibility provides an phased array [2] has wide possibilities. exclusion of bilateral interference. The electromagnetic It is known, that receiving antenna is usually in tune compatibility is implemented by filtration of side with some specified polarization of receivable signal: emissions in transmitting sets, by heterodyne linear, circular, elliptical. Antennas with controlled frequencies in receiving stages taking into an account polarization. If the polarization of antenna is alligned right using propagation conditions, features of terrain, with polarization of reference then the effect of choice of radio-electronic means working regimes. interference is maximum. For instance, the interference 3. Possible principles for masking active effect will be maximum for vertical polarization if there interference is a receiver on the vertical vibrator. For circular polarization with field vector clockwise rotation, the the The defence activity from masking active impact effect will be maximum if the antenna is alligned interference can be effective in for case the signal for same kind of polarization. Knowing this, the we can suppression does not occur due to narrow range of retune antenna on orthogonal polarization that is on the receiver. Here, some activities can be applied using horizontal polarization or on the circular polarization frequency, spatial, polarization selection etc. At with counterclockwise rotation. sufficient dynamic range of receiver, the condition of target detection in masking stationary active For the elliptically polarized wave also the interferences of type of white noise is: elliptically polarized oscillation is orthogonal, but with displaced polarization of 900. For all indicated noise Einput ≥ θ (N0 + Nind) (1) attenuation is present. As, since (even for not controlling polarization on emmision) the reflected from real targets where Einput is energy of received signal on radar signal polarization is casual, then there are possibilities detector input; θ is an observability coefficient at given to weaken a interference more than signal. detection or meusurement factors; N0 is a spectral density of internal noisy of reciever; Nind is a spectral For increasing of a noise immunity it is rational to density of masking interference on reciever input. If decrease the coefficient of observability θ for account of rmax is the limiting range of radar then we take optimal receiving. If the disturbance is a stationary noise radiolocation equation at precence of interference: such as white disturbance, then the decreasing of θ is ∗ implemented by recieving optimization for such ,-./ 6 = 𝑁 " ; =п?-п?/? 9 + *<; 6 𝛾*𝛼* (2) disturbance. The filtering is done at the recieving stage 012345 7 01 2п?∆Bп? by using the optimal frequency characteristic, that is, This equation is also called as “anti-radar one”. As optimal frequency selection. The spot jammings (with we can see from (1) and (2), the increasing of probing less frequency range), as a rule, are more effectivite, but signal energy increases a range of action in interferences are hard to implement. The spot jamming creation is in proportion to 𝟒 𝑬 in mode of external cover and to 𝐄 much more difficult in the case of rapid frequency in mode of self-recover. The increasing of transmission tuning of radar, at multifrequency or wide broadband antenna power gain to target direction allows to increase probing signal etc. [3]. If the frequency band of a range of action in interferences also in proportion to disturbance is much narrower than bandwidth of 𝟒 𝑬 in mode of external cover and to 𝐄 in mode of self- recieving signal, then resulting noise is not considered recover [1]. as white. In this case the frequency characteristic with rejection in interference frequency range is optimal, that The decreasing of polarization coefficient 𝜸 can is, it is rational to use various kind of tuned rejector decrease interference. The decreasing of observability filters for disturbance ripples, and it leads to essential coefficient θ also help to solve this problem. In whole, decreasing of observability coefficient θ [4]. the action range in mode of self-recover is inversely proportional to 𝜸 and 𝜽. Finally, the decreasing of The improving of spatial selection is a major method relativity level of side lobes of directional pattern А ' /А for all kinds of active disturbance in radar protection. It (or even, the formation of gaps in main lobe to direction is implemented in order to taper of main lobe and of interferences source) allows to increase the action decrease the levels of side lobes of antenna diagram up range in mode of external cover by proportional to to 25 dB and less relatively to maximize the main lobe 𝟒 in normalized antenna diagram. In result, tapering of А′/А. sector of effectivety suppression and decreasing of The increasing of the coefficient of antenna power compression ratio of the detection zone of radar is gain to target direction concentrates useful energy and implemented [3]. For improving of spatial selection of 115 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Yalçın İsayev et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 signal on disturbance, background noise must come from same direction. The methods of coherent and non- coherent compensation of disturbance oscillations can be used. To do this, subsidiary antennas can be used (phased-array antenna type) [6]. 4. Receiver Models The system including main and two subsidiary antennas is shown on the Fig. 1. Each antenna has own receiving channel. The corresponding receiving Fig. 2. The chart correlation feedback. channels oscillations are input into adder. Here, complex transfer ratios K1 and K2 are regulated on amplitude and There is a feedback circuit in output of summer to phases at least in two subsidiary channels. controlling element (multiplier in circuit of first voltage supply). The device of correlation moment calculation If the complex characteristics of channels directivity 𝑈∑ 𝑈∗; is included in this circuit. The latter with have shapes F0(Ө), F1(Ө) and F2(Ө), then the accurate within 𝜒 is used as controlling multiplier K cumulative complex characteristic of directivity can be supplied on the controlled element. From two equations presented as: К =χ 𝑈∑ 𝑈∗; and (5), we can find F∑( Ө)= F0(Ө)+ K1F1 (Ө + К2 F2 (Ө )) (3) ∗ 𝐾 = STU TV 6 (6) ;WS TV 𝑈 = 𝑈 ST ∗ UTV ∑ 9 − 6 𝑈;. (7) ;WS TV When 𝜒 → ∞ and enough U0 and U1 correlation (for example, at U1 = СU0, where С=constant) the full compensation occurs, that is U∑ becomes zero. As known, the multiplication of complex amplitudes can be realized, for example, by frequency transformation; the averaging can be realized by integration in bandlimited filter [2]. Fig. 1. The system with two subsidiary receiving The disturbance compensation effect is provided if channels for dips formation in resulted antenna each of circuit inputs is involved in correlation feedback diagram. (Fig. 3). The voltage U0 is applied in output of summer at the absence of correlation (when controlling voltage For the angle coordinates of disturbance sources Ө 1 K0 becomes zero), the weighting voltage α is applied on and Ө2 we can reach formation of dips in resulted it. Then, equations are: characteristic of directivity for these directions. К1 and К2 are defined as: U∑= (-K 0+ α 1U 0 -KU1 ) (8) F0(Ө 1) + К1F1 (Ө 1) + К2 F2 (Ө 1) = 0, (4a) F0(Ө2) + К1F1 (Ө2) + К2 F2 (Ө2) = 0. (4b) Due to coherent compensation of disturbance in directivity characteristic, spatial disturbance appears on both main and side lobes. When receiving antennas as phased ones are used, application of compensated methods becomes widely available. The selection of coefficients in multichannel charts can be realized using the principle of correlation feedback. The chart with two inputs, on which the Fig. 3. The compensation chart with correlation voltages with same frequence and complex amplitudes feedback on the both inputs. U 0( t ) and U1(t) (for example, main and subsidiary ∗ antennas), is shown on Fig. 2. On the summer a voltage 𝐾9 = 𝜒𝑈∑𝑈9 (9) is formed: 𝐾 = 𝜒𝑈 ∗∑𝑈; (10) U∑ ( t ) = U 0( t ) -KU1(t) (5) Substitute (8) in (9) and (10), gives: 116 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Yalçın İsayev et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 𝐾9 = 1 + 𝜒 𝑈 79 + 𝐾 𝜒𝑈;𝑈∗9 = 𝛼𝜒 𝑈 79 (11) protection by application of coherent and non-coherent ∗ 7 7 compensation of interference oscillations are 𝐾9𝜒 = 𝑈9𝑈; + 𝐾 1 + 𝜒 𝑈; = 𝛼𝜒 𝑈; (12) investigated. It is shown that improvement of signal to noise ratio may be implemented in presence of spatial selection on backround disturbances coming from At 𝜒 → ∞, α = α 0 = const≠0 and full correlation of different directions. It is seen that when the recieving voltages U0 and U1 when U1 =СU0, from (8) and (11) we antenna is of phased arry type, there are the optimal get, that U∑→ 0, in this case the disturbances are compensation is implemented. compensated. References Along with compensating of disturbances, in both circuits signal compensation occurs in case the duration [1] Daniel W. O’Hagan, Shaun R. Doughty, Michael R. of the later is enough for circuit’s transformation. In the Inggs, Multistatic radar systems, Academic Press case of a very short signal, both circuits will be tuned Library in Signal Processing, Volume 7, 2018, Pages only on disturbance compensation [7]. If there is 253-275, absence of disturbance, both circuits give K and К0 [2] Shirman Ya.D. Theoretical basis of radiolocation. - which are equal zero. Output voltage of second circuit М.: Sov. radio, 1970, p.560 becomes U∑ - α U0, when disturbances absence each other, the circuit transmits oscillation applied on the [3] Ibragimov B.G., Isayev Ya.S. The analysis of main channel. When α = 1, both circuits are identical. If parameters of signals of the noise immunity in radio α = α 0 (Fig. 8), the weighting α1 is added to voltage of systems // National security and military sciences. correlation feedback then output effect in conditions of Baku, 2015. № 1(1). p. 145 – 149 disturbances absence is [4] Bakulev P. А. Radiolocation systems. –М.: U∑ = α0 U0+ α1 U1 (12) Radiotechnics, 2004, p. 320 On the base of stated, we can recommend the circuit [5] Botov М.I., Vaxirev V.А. Basis of theory of below with the self-tuned phased antenna (Fig. 4) radiolocation systems and complexes. Krasnoyarsk SFU, 2013, p.504 [6] Shirman Ya.D., Manjos V.N. Theory and technics of development of radiolocation information with the noise immunity. - Моscow: Radio and communications, 1981, p. 406 [7] Nilov М.А. The multipurpose countermeasures-safe ship radar system with pseudo-continuous broadband sounding. Fig. 4. Multichannel circuit of disturbance http://www.raspletin.com/NOC/vko/VKO_3(3).pdf compensation using correlation feedback. In each element of phased antenna, the correlation feedback is used. The correlation feedback is shown in the chart only for the last (left and right) elements. Summands of α1, α2….αm provide the best effect of signal receiving in absence of disturbance (analogous to component α in Fig. 3). When disturbances come from maximum m directions there are possible formation of side-lobes in directivity characteristic in these directions. As the detailed analysis shows for discrete case, the directivity characteristic is optimized with taking an account disturbances providing the most profitable spatial selection [5]. 5. Conclusion In this paper a novel method to overcome disturbances is proposed. It is necessary to apply disturbance compensation to provide effective interference rejection which depends on character of active disturbances acting on a radar. The results of analysis methods to increase the noise immunity of radio systems for military and civilian purposes have been presented. The possible principles of active disturbances 117 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Sarah Al-Hajm et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Analysis of a Soft Switching High Voltage Gain DC/DC Boost Converter for PV Systems Sarah Al-Hajm*, Mehmet Ucar**‡ * Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey ** Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey (sarahyahyasalih@gmail.com, mehmetucar@duzce.edu.tr) ‡ Corresponding Author; Mehmet Ucar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Duzce University, 81620, Duzce, Turkey, Tel: +90 380 542 10 36, Fax: +90 380 542 10 37, mehmetucar@duzce.edu.tr Received: 29.04.2018 Accepted: 26.05.2018 Abstract- This paper presents an analysis of a non-isolated soft switching high voltage gain DC/DC boost converter by using a coupled inductor, voltage quadrupler and active clamp circuit for Photovoltaic (PV) systems. The main advantage of this converter, coupled inductor with voltage quadrupler circuit is used to decrease voltage stress in semiconductor switches and providing high voltage gain. Therefore, low voltage valued and low on-resistance 𝑅𝐷𝑆(𝑂𝑁) MOSFETs can be used to decrease on-state losses. The reverse recovery and high frequency turn off losses is reduced for achieving Zero-Current Switching (ZCS) in all diodes. Voltage spike caused by leakage inductance of the coupled inductor is minimized by means of the active clamp circuit. Thus, Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) turn on of all MOSFET switches are achieved. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) method is utilized in this study to obtain maximum power from the PV system. In order to show the effectiveness of the converter, PSIM simulations are realized under various irradiance cases. The conversion efficiency is obtained about 95.97% at full load from the simulation results. Keywords DC/DC converter, high voltage gain, coupled inductor, voltage quadrupler, ZCS, ZVS, PV system. 1. Introduction In conventional boost converters, high losses are found on input side due to large peak current which adverse effects In the past few decades, distributed generation with on the magnetic components. Because the large voltage renewable energy sources have rapidly developed [1]. Much across the switch, the switch conduction losses are increased research has been carried out on renewable energy to get (𝑅𝐷𝑆(𝑂𝑁) ∝ 𝑉 2 𝐷𝑆 ). The inductor and capacitor resistances maximum power with high efficiency among renewable increase the losses due to large duty cycle. In addition, diode energy resources like wind, Photovoltaic (PV), etc. The reverse recovery problem is a disadvantage [8]. For these output PV panel voltage is very low between (25-50 V) due reasons, the conventional boost converters are not to safety factors and for various applications is required appropriate to use for high voltage gain application. To get a boosting large voltage [2]. Maximum Power Point high voltage gain without a high duty cycle, there are several Tracking (MPPT) methods are commonly used with PV proposed topologies. Among them, the coupled inductor is systems to maximize power extraction [3]. The Perturb and commonly used [9]. Although achieving high voltage gain Observe (P&O) [4], [5] and the incremental conductance [6] with large turns ratio, its leakage inductance cause power MPPT algorithms are frequently used in the PV systems. losses and high voltage stress on the MOSFETs [10]. These algorithms depend on the voltage-power characteristic, Therefore, passive or active clamp techniques are used to 𝑑𝑃 if ( < 0) right of the maximum power point MPP, while recycle leakage energy from the coupled inductor. Passive 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑃 clamp circuits reform voltage gain, but cause high voltage the left of the MPP when ( > 0) [7]. 𝑑𝑉 stress on output diode. Utilizing active clamp circuit, Zero- 118 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Sarah Al-Hajm et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Voltage Switching (ZVS) turn on with power switches are and charge 𝐶𝑟2 of MOSFET 𝑆2. Second, the dead time (∆𝑇) obtained [11]. is enough for charge and discharge the MOSFET parasitic capacitor. For getting ZVS of MOSFETs, magnetizing In this paper, coupled inductor based high voltage gain inductance (𝐿 ) is obtained from equation (2). soft switching DC-DC boost converter is analyzed and 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 controlled for PV systems. This converter [11] has main 𝑉𝐿 < 𝑖𝑛 𝐷max(1−𝐷max) 𝑚 (2) advantages; firstly, the voltage quadrupler circuit is 𝑚𝑎𝑥 2(1+2𝑁)𝐼𝑜 𝑓𝑠 combined with secondary of the coupled inductor to produce In this study, the magnetizing inductance (𝐿 ) is selected as high voltage gain. Secondly, at turn on for a MOSFET, 𝑚 9µH, and dead time (∆𝑇) is determined from equation (3). coupled inductor transfers the energy to the voltage multiplier circuit. Thus, smaller magnetic component can be ∆𝑇 ≥ √𝐿𝑚(𝐶𝑟1 + 𝐶𝑟2) (3) used with this converter. Thirdly, all diodes turned off at Zero-Current Switching (ZCS) and therefore reverse ii) The ZCS turn off of diodes 𝐷1, 𝐷2, 𝐷𝑜1 and 𝐷𝑜2 is recovery losses, high frequency turn off losses are reduced achieved if the minimum time to turn on MOSFET 𝑆1 is and high voltage spike is eliminated. greater than the one-half of resonant period. Therefore, the capacitors 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are obtained as equation (4). 2. Proposed System Overview 𝐷2 2𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑇𝑠 (1−𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥) 2𝑇2 𝐶1, 𝐶2 < ( 2 , 𝑠 2 ) (4) 𝜋 𝐿𝑘𝑠 𝜋 𝐿𝑘𝑠 The proposed system, including soft switching, high voltage gain converter is illustrated in Fig. 1. It involves of an input voltage (𝑉𝑃𝑉) and current (𝐼𝑃𝑉) from PV panel, input capacitor (𝐶𝑃𝑉), a coupled inductor primary side denotes (𝐿𝑚 and 𝐿𝑘𝑝) and secondary side denotes (𝐿𝑘𝑠), a clamp circuit (auxiliary switch 𝑆2 and out capacitor 𝐶𝑜3), a resonant voltage quadrupler circuit (consist of the diodes 𝐷1, 𝐷2, 𝐷𝑜1, and 𝐷𝑜2 along with capacitors 𝐶1, 𝐶2, 𝐶𝑜1, and 𝐶𝑜2), parasitic capacitors of MOSFETs (𝐶𝑟1 and 𝐶𝑟2) and output DC load (𝑅𝑜). The converter key waveforms as indicated in Fig. 2 and the nine operation interval are briefly described in [11]. Do1 N1:N2 Lkp Lks C1 D1 Co1 IPV Lm C2 D2 Co2 Ro Vi Cpv PV VPV S Do22 S1 Cr1 Co3 Cr2 VGS1 VGS2 Fig. 2. The converter key waveforms. In the paper, high voltage gain is obtained without using high MPPT&Dead Time duty cycle or large magnetic components, which are main Generation advantages over the conventional converter as indicated in Table 3. Fig. 1. The proposed system block diagram. Table 3. Comparison of conventional and analyzed boost The conversion ratio (𝑀) of the converter is calculated converter. from equation (1). The turn ratio of coupled inductor can be increased without increase MOSFET’s voltage stress. Parameter Conventional Analyzed boost converter boost converter 𝑉 1+2𝑁 𝑀 = 𝑜 = (1) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 1−𝐷 1 1+2𝑁Voltage gain 1−𝐷 1−𝐷 Soft switching operation of the converter is achieved as the following: Voltage stress of 𝑉𝑉 𝑜 MOSFETs 𝑜 1+2𝑁 i) For achieving ZVS turn on of MOSFET 𝑆1 there are Voltage stress of 𝑁𝑉 two conditions: First, the stored magnetizing inductance 𝑉 𝑜 diodes 𝑜 1+2𝑁 energy is greater enough to discharge 𝐶𝑟1 of MOSFET 𝑆1 119 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Sarah Al-Hajm et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 3. Simulation Results PSIM based proposed system block diagram is seen in Fig. 3. The Perlight Solar PLM-250M PV panel is used as the input source. The PV panel parameters are given in Table 1. Current-voltage (I-V) curves of the PV panel at different irradiation cases are illustrated in Fig. 4. The ratings of the PMPP values are depicted in this figure under the solar irradiation decreases from 1000 W/𝑚2 to 200 W/𝑚2 at constant temperature 25˚C. The sensed PV voltage and current are given to MPPT inputs and then Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal outputs are obtained to gate signal for main and auxiliary MOSFET switches. The P&O MPPT algorithm is used due to simple operation, tracking efficiency and high reliability. For achieving ZVS for main and Voltage (V) auxiliary switches, the time delay between to gate signals is adjusted properly by using dead time generator. The Fig. 4. I-V curves under different solar irradiation. converter specifications are given in Table 2. Table 2. The converter specifications. Components Value Output voltage (𝑉𝑜) 340 V Switching frequency (𝑓𝑠𝑤) 60 kHz Power (P) 250 W Turns ratio (N) 1:2.4 MOSFETs (𝑆1, 𝑆2) IRFP4227pbf Diodes (𝐷1 , 𝐷2, 𝐷𝑜1, 𝐷𝑜2) MUR1560 Capacitors (𝐶1, 𝐶2) 2 𝜇𝐹 Output capacitors (𝐶𝑜1, 𝐶𝑜2, 𝐶𝑜3) 100 𝜇𝐹 Magnetizing Inductance (𝐿𝑚) 9 𝜇𝐻 Leakage Inductance (𝐿𝑘𝑝 , 𝐿𝑘𝑠) 0.174 𝜇𝐻, 1 𝜇𝐻 The simulation results for the proposed system are obtained at full load condition. Also, for evaluation performance of the MPPT method, the solar irradiation are changed instantly from 1000 W/𝑚2 to 600 W/𝑚2. Figure 5 shows ZVS turn on of the MOSFETs 𝑆1, 𝑆2 with input Fig. 3. PSIM based proposed system block diagram. signals (𝑉𝐺𝑆1), (𝑉𝐺𝑆2) and primary and magnetizing current of the coupled inductor. In this figure, ZVS turn on of all Table 1. PV panel parameters. MOSFETs is clearly depicted. Figure 6 shows ZCS turn off of the diodes 𝐷1, 𝐷2, 𝐷𝑜1 and 𝐷𝑜2. Thus the losses of the Parameter Value diodes caused by the reverse recovery issue is decreased. The ZVS and ZCS soft switching process improves the PV panel model PLM-250M conversion efficiency of the converter. Maximum power (𝑃𝑚) 250 W The PV panel current (𝐼𝑃𝑉), voltage (𝑉𝑃𝑉) and the Number of cells (𝑁𝑠) 60 converter output current (𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡), voltage (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡) waveforms obtained by PSIM simulation are shown in Fig. 7. The range Maximum power current (𝐼𝑝𝑚) 8.20 A of input and output voltage of the converter is 30 V-340 V. It Short circuit current (𝐼 ) 8.78 A can be observed that the converter with coupled inductor and 𝑠𝑐 resonant voltage multiplier circuit provides high output Maximum power voltage (𝑉𝑝𝑚) 30.50 V voltage under different irradiation conditions. The performance of the MPPT method in rapidly changing solar Open circuit voltage (𝑉𝑜𝑐) 38 V irradiation is confirmed. 120 Current (A) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Sarah Al-Hajm et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 Fig. 5. ZVS turn on of the MOSFETs 𝑆1, 𝑆2 with 𝑉𝐺𝑆1, 𝑉𝐺𝑆2 and inductor magnetizing and primary current. Fig. 6. ZCS turn off of the diodes 𝐷1, 𝐷2, 𝐷𝑜1 and 𝐷𝑜2. Fig. 7. PV panel 𝐼𝑃𝑉, 𝑉𝑃𝑉 and converter 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 , 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 waveforms under solar irradiation change. 121 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Sarah Al-Hajm et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 4. Conclusion [5] F. Boico and B. Lehman, “Study of different implementation approaches for a maximum power point In this paper, the non-isolated high voltage gain DC/DC tracker”, IEEE Workshops on Computers in Power boost converter with coupled inductor and resonant Electronics, Troy, NY, 2006, pp. 15-21. quadrupler circuit for PV systems is analyzed. The PSIM [6] B. Liu, S. Duan, F. Liu and P. Xu, “Analysis and simulations are realized to confirm the soft switching process improvement of maximum power point tracking of the converter. The high voltage gain is realized without algorithm based on incremental conductance method for utilizing high duty cycle or large magnetic components photovoltaic array”, 7th International Conference on which a main advantage over the conventional converters. Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Bangkok, 2007, Thus, the efficiency is improved by the low on-state pp. 637-641. resistance 𝑅𝐷𝑆(ON) MOSFETs and the ZVS turn on of the all MOSFETs. The reverse recovery losses are decreased and [7] D. Sera, L. Mathe, T. Kerekes, S. V. Spataru and R. the quasi-resonant quadrupler circuit provides the ZCS turn Teodorescu, “On the perturb-and-observe and off of all diodes. Therefore, the proposed system is a proper incremental conductance MPPT methods for PV choice for the PV systems. systems”, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1070-1078, July 2013. References [8] M. Das and V. Agarwal, “A novel, high efficiency, high [1] J. M. Guerrero, F. Blaabjerg, T. Zhelev, K. Hemmes, E. gain, front end DC-DC converter for low input voltage Monmasson, S. Jemei, M. P. Comech, R. Granadino, J. I. solar photovoltaic applications”, IECON 2012 - 38th Frau, “Distributed generation: toward a new energy Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics paradigm”, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 4, Society, Montreal, QC, 2012, pp. 5744-5749. no. 1, pp. 52-64, March 2010. [9] S. Sathyan, H. M. Suryawanshi, M. S. Ballal and A. B. [2] S. Hema, A. Arulmathy, V. Saranya and S. Yugapriya, Shitole, “Soft-switching DC–DC Converter for “High voltage gain soft switching converter for solar distributed energy sources with high step-up voltage energy AC and DC applications”, International capability”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Conference on Power and Embedded Drive Control Electronics, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 7039-7050, Nov. 2015. (ICPEDC), Chennai, 2017, pp. 326-332. [10] S. Sathyan, H. M. Suryawanshi, A. B. Shitole and G. G. [3] E. Mamarelis, G. Petrone and G. Spagnuolo, “Design of a Talapur, “Soft switched high voltage gain boost sliding-mode-controlled SEPIC for PV MPPT integrated flyback converter”, IEEE International applications”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Electronics, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 3387-3398, July 2014. Systems (PEDES), Trivandrum, 2016, pp. 1-6. [4] C. W. Tan, T. C. Green and C. A. Hernandez-Aramburo, [11] S. Sathyan, H. M. Suryawanshi, B. Singh, C. “Analysis of perturb and observe maximum power point Chakraborty, V. Verma and M. S. Ballal, “ZVS–ZCS tracking algorithm for photovoltaic applications”, IEEE high voltage gain integrated boost converter for DC 2nd International Power and Energy Conference, Johor microgrid”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Bahru, 2008, pp. 237-242. Electronics, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 6898-6908, Nov. 2016. 122 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Erdener Özçetin et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 A Parallel Iterated Local Search Algorithm on GPUs for Quadratic Assignment Problem Erdener Ozcetin*, Gurkan Ozturk** * Industrial Engineering Department, Hitit University Engineering Faculty, Corum, Turkey ** Industrial Engineering Department, Eskisehir Technical University Engineering Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey (erdenerozcetin@hitit.edu.tr, gurkan.o@anadolu.edu.tr) ‡ Corresponding Author; Erdener Ozcetin, Industrial Engineering Department, Hitit University Engineering Faculty, Corum, Turkey , Tel: +90 364 227 4533, Fax: +90 364 227 4535, erdenerozcetin@hitit.edu.tr Received: 25.10.2018 Accepted: 21.06.2018 Abstract- In this study, quadratic assignment problem, which is a hard combinatorial optimization problem, is examined to solve by a new approach. To reach the optimal results by using mathematical programming approaches cannot be possible even for some sorts of small and middle scaled problems in a reasonable time interval. Huge amounts of data are being progressed simultaneously by graphics processing units located on computers’ graphics card. Therefore, a parallel iterated local search algorithm has been proposed to solve the quadratic assignment problem by using graphics processing units’ simultaneously progressing property. This parallel algorithm and the sequential one on central processing units are tested and compared for test problems in literature. Indeed, it is observed that the parallel algorithm works averagely 6.31 times faster for Skorin problems and 11.93 times faster for Taillard problems faster than sequentially one. Keywords Quadratic assignment problem (QAP), local search algorithms, graphics processing units (GPU), CUDA. 1. Introduction In this formulation, 𝑓() is the flow between two facilities and Combinatorial optimization is a topic that consists of 𝑑+, is the distance between two candidates. Complexity study finding optimal solution from a finite set of alternative of this mathematical model is handled by Sahni and Gonzalez solutions (n!) that generally studied in applied mathematics [2] in 1976. They showed that QAP is NP-Hard and even and theoretical computer sciences. Quadratic assignment finding and ϵ approximate solution is extremely hard. problem (QAP) is a type of combinatorial optimization With the reason of QAP is NP-Hard, working with exact problem that was introduced by Koopmans and Beckmen in 1957 [1]. methods such as mathematical programming is so difficult. As a real life problem QAP can be defined facility For this reason, researchers are tended to study on meta- planning, circuit designing and assigning the air-crafts to the heuristics. Although meta-heuristic algorithms do not gates. If we investigate QAP as a facility planning problem, guarantee to find optimal solution, they can converge to the objective is assigning n facilities to n candidate locations optimal solution much faster than exact methods. There are by minimizing a cost function. The mathematical formulation many studies in literature that subjected solving QAP with of QAP can be as: meta-heuristics. Simulated annealing is an iteration based . . . . meta-heuristic algorithm that developed by Kirkpatrick et al. [3]. Burkard and Rendl [4], Wilhelm and Ward [5] and Abreu minz = 𝑓()𝑑+,𝑥(+𝑥), (1.1) et al. [6] used this algorithm for QAP in their studies. Ant (/0 )/0 +/0 ,/0 . colony optimization (ACO) is a population based meta- 𝑥 = 1 𝑗 = 1, 𝑛 1.2 heuristic algorithm. Stützle and Dorigo [7] and Dorigo et al. () [8] implemented this algorithm for QAP. Another population (/0 . based algorithm is genetic algorithm (GA) that published in 𝑥() = 1 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛 1.3 QAP literature such as Kochhar et al. [9] and Drezner [10]. )/0 Glover [11], developed iteration based tabu search (TS) 𝑥() ϵ 0,1 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛 (1.4) algorithm to solve problems that oriented to integer programming, in 1989. Main concentration of this algorithm 123 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Erdener Özçetin et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 is to search neighbors with a method to escape local optima. them is LS and the other one is mutation operator. Mutation Skorin [12], Taillard [13], Misevicius and Ostereika [14] operator is designed to escape the local optimum in a proposed a TS algorithm for QAP. systematic procedure with the cross exchange of two elements Introduction of CUDA by nVIDIA in 2006 can be in a solution. considered as a turning point of using for computational sciences of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) [15]. 3. Parallelization of Algorithm Thousands of applications have been proposed from different disciplines of science since that day. As a reason of Some parts of proposed ILS algorithm is available for complexity of QAP and compatibility of meta-heuristics are parallelization. For p starting elements objective function lead researchers in this area to work on GPUs. The motivation evaluation is handled in a parallel fashion like in Figure 1. of starting these studies is to accelerate the algorithms and to decrease the time of solutions, reasonably. On the other hand, s1 s2 sm there are only several studies that related to combinatorial optimization with meta-heuristics on GPUs. Tsutsui and Fujimoto [16] published a parallel GA on GPUs for QAP and they gained between 3-12 times speed-ups according to Fig 1. Parallelization of elements Central Processing Unit (CPU) implementation. In another study, same authors [17], applied a hybrid ACO algorithm. For CPU implementation, loops of an objective function They focused on local search to parallelize that the most time evaluation are also a demanding issue for parallelization. It consuming part of algorithm and they observed up to 24.6 takes n2 steps for sequential version. This means that there are times speed-ups. Czapinski [18] proposed multi-start TS n2 multiplication of distance and flow and summation. In algorithm on GPUs to solve QAP. They gained up to 50 times parallel version, a kernel is organized to carry out all these speed-ups for symmetric instances. Again for symmetric multiplications simultaneously. instances, Ozcetin and Ozturk [19] handled averagely 17 times up to 51 times speed-ups with a hybrid evolutionary algorithm Another kernel is organized for parallel LS procedure. For on GPUs. p elements each neighborhood search is investigated in a 2. Iterated Local Search Algorithm parallel manner. Following figure is an example of 2 nd and 4th neighbors changing. Iterated local search algorithms (ILS) can be defined as a hybrid local search (LS) algorithms that improved with global search procedures. Basically, LS stop when a local optimum solution found. Two procedures are often used to continue searching from the solution found with LS. First one is perturbing the current local minimum. This is the simplest way to start the search from another starting point. Second one is modifying solution according to a mutation based procedure. In this study, a multi start ILS algorithm is developed for solving symmetric QAP instances efficiently. In the first phase of algorithm the instances is read to two matrices. D is the distance matrix of locations and F is the flow matrix of facilities. After that, objective function evaluation is calculated for each solution only once. Then, the algorithm starts to search. There are .(.?0) alternative changes for each Fig 2. An illustrative example for parallel local search @ solution, so calculation of objective function for each iteration is a computationally expensive operation. For this reason, Let we think about four facilities will be assigned four during the search objective function evaluation is not candidate locations. In this problem T1, T2, T3, T4 are the considered again. Instead of objective function calculation a elements of flow matrix between facilities F and Y1, Y2, Y3, delta function is used like in equation 2.1. A solution is Y4 are the elements of distance matrix between locations D. defined as a permutation. If we consider about changing 𝑎BC and 𝑏BC neighbors in permutation, π(a) and π(b) will be the Think that we have 3 individual solutions with the values in permutation of 𝑎 and 𝑏, respectively This candidate permutations Π1, Π2, Π3, 1-2-3-4, 4-1-3-2 and 1-3-4-2, changing is done, if and only if 𝛿 value is lower than zero. respectively. For third solution, assignment will be like this: . T1à Y1, T3àY2, T4àY3 and T2àY4. According to this 𝛿 = (𝑑FB − 𝑑HB)(𝑓I H I B − 𝑓I F I B ) (2.1) information, multiplications of objective function calculation B/0 FJB HJB will be like in Figure 3. Basically, the algorithm has two main operators. One of 124 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Erdener Özçetin et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 4. Results 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 S d d d d d d A work station which have 6 cores CPU with 32 GB RAM 12 13 14 23 24 34 d12 d13 d14 d23 d24 d34 d12 d13 d14 d23 d24 d34 R f12 f13 f f f and a GTX580 chipset GPU is used for comparisons. There 14 23 24 f34 f41 f43 f42 f13 f12 f32 f13 f14 f12 f34 f32 f42 s10.r1 s11.r1 s12.r1 s13.r1 s14.r1 s15.r1 s16.r1 s17.r1 s18.r1 are 1000 individual solutions for multi-start. In addition to A s1.r1 s2.r2 s3.r3 s4.r4 s5.r5 s6.r6 s7.r7 s8.r8 s9.r9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 this, probability of accepting worse solution in mutation Obj. 2(A1+ A2 +A3 +A4 +A5+A6) 2(A7+ A8 +A9 +A10 +A11+A12) 2(A13+ A14 +A15 +A16 +A17+A18) operator is 0.4. Grid parameters are used for objective function Fig 3. An illustrative example for parallel evaluations evaluation n block in grid, n threads in a block and for parallel local search 125 blocks in grid, and 8 threads in a block (This There are K(K?0) = 6 multipcations for each element’s @ numbers defined with preliminary studies). Number of objective function calculation. Each multiplication iterations is not a stopping criterion for these implementations. corresponds to unique thread for GPU and is collected in the Stopping criterion is done with gap of solution array of A. Objective function values is calculated by (MNO.PH).QF,?RSsummarizing the A with parallel reduction via thrust library. ) (BK=best known solution). RS For parallel local search same neighborhood search is In tables 1, 2 GAP CPU and GAP GPU columns represent handled like in Figure 4. Calculation of delta function is the average gap of ten iterations both on CPU and GPU. computed via a device kernel. First step of neighborhood CPU(s) and GPU(s) columns represent solution times. In search for this example, for first individual changing of 1-2 orders in permutation, for second 4-1 and for third 1-3 handled addition, HIT column represents number of hits to best known simultaneously. Only second individual’s changing is done as solution for ten iterations. Finally, speed factor is calculated a reason of delta value (-240). This procedure continues as the with ( TUV W ). same. XUV(W) F, D matrices and permutations are allocated on GPU side with thrust vectors. For each iteration only solutions are Table 1. Skorin Test Problems copied. Shared memory and constant memory cannot be used GAP Speed as a reason of capacity. For this reason, only device memory Problem BK CPU(s) GPU(s) GAP GPU HIT CPU Up has been used for the implementation on GPUs Sko42 15812 40.347 2.843 0.0001 0 9/10 14.18x Sko49 23386 65.814 10.179 0.0005 0.0006 2/10 6.46x Individual Orders Facilities Delta Sko56 34458 66.211 11.161 0.0002 0.0004 1/10 5.93x π1 π2 1-2 120 π1 π3 1-3 Sko64 48498 80.243 18.647 0.0001 0.0003 4/10 4.30x π1 π4 1-4 Π1 π2 π3 2-3 Sko72 66256 104.15 21.579 0.0013 0.0015 0/10 4.82x π2 π4 2-4 π3 π4 3-4 Sko81 90998 118.223 24.813 0.0013 0.0014 0/10 4.76x π1 π2 4-1 -240 π1 π 4-3 Sko90 115534 152.651 31.289 0.0017 0.0019 0/10 4.87x 3 π1 π4 4-2 Π2 Sko100a 152002 190.581 36.695 0.0020 0.0022 0/10 5.19x π2 π3 1-3 π2 π4 1-2 Avg. 102.27 19.65 0.0009 0.0009 6.31x π3 π4 3-2 π1 π2 1-3 180 π 1 π3 1-4 π1 π4 1-2 Π3 π2 π3 3-4 π2 π4 3-2 π3 π4 4-2 Fig 4. Parallel neighborhood search Fig 5. Skorin Speed-Ups 125 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Erdener Özçetin et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 For comparisons all test instances are taken from QAPLIB 5. Conclusion (http://anjos.mgi.polymtl.ca/qaplib/) with best known solutions up to date. Skorin and Taillard test problems are the Solving combinatorial optimization problems are extremely well-known hardest test instances for QAP. hard and computationally expensive. For many cases, it can be impossible to solve these problems optimally with exact Table 1 and Fig. 5 are the results for Skorin test problems. methods. For these reasons, researchers tend to study with Average gap of these problems are 0.0009 both on CPU and meta-heuristics. Even meta-heuristics converge to GPU implementation. In addition, 6.31x speed-up gained for approximate solution much more reasonable time, it is still a these problems. For Sko42 problem, execution time of CPU handicap for large scale instances of combinatorial version is 40.347 seconds and GPU version is 2.843 seconds. optimization problems. According to this motivation, we The speed-up factor for this problem is 14.18x with the 9/10 consider about a parallel implementation of ILS algorithm on best known solution hit. Computational results of the proposed GPUs. We observed on preliminary studies that our algorithm ILS for Taillard problems are shown in Table 2 and Figure 6 finds optimal solutions for Escherman and Nuggent problems According to this, average gap for these problems set are for all runs in a few seconds. In our results, we prefer to show 0.0063 on CPU and 0.0068 on GPU, respectively. If we have more difficult problems Skorin and Taillard test instances. Our an eye on execution times, GPU implementation runs 11.93 algorithm converges to best known solution with small gaps. times faster than CPU implementation. Best speed-up Averagely, 6.31x speed-up gained for Skorin test instances observed with Tai30a problem with a 16.69x and 11.93x speed-up gained for Taillard test instances. For (CPU(s)/GPU(s)) factor. future studies, GPU implementation of algorithm is available for development. For much more speed-up memory Table 2. Taillard Test Problems operations can be improved. Finally, this algorithm is also GAP GAP Speed available for other combinatorial optimization problems. Prob. BK CPU(s) GPU(s) CPU GPU HIT Up 10/1 Tai20a 703482 1.943 0.493 0 0 0 3.93x REFERENCES 10/1 Tai25a 1167256 14.95 1.165 0 0 0 12.83x [1] T. C. Koopmans ve M. J. Beckmann, “Assignment problems and the location of economic activities,” Tai30a 1818146 39.849 2.387 0.0003 0.0004 8/10 16.69x Econometrica, vol. 25, pp. 53-76, 1957. Tai35a 2422002 116.682 10.472 0.0008 0.0008 7/10 11.14x [2] S. Sahni ve T. Gonzalez, “P-complete approximation Tai40a 3139370 179.576 11.398 0.0004 0.0004 0/10 15.75x problems,” Journal of the Association of Computing Machinery, vol. 23, pp. 555-565, 1976. Tai50a 4938796 277.076 18.202 0.0093 0.0091 0/10 15.38x [3] S. Kirkpatrick, C. Gelat ve M. Vecchi, “Optimization Tai60a 7208572 360.42 32.112 0.0117 0.0135 0/10 11.25x by Simulated Annealing,” Science, vol. 220, pp. 671- 1351545 680, 1983. Tai80a 0 453.78 44.188 0.0122 0.0121 0/10 10.29x [4] R. Burkard ve F. Rendl, “A thermodynamically 2105465 motivated simulation procedure for combinatorial Tai100a 6 602.98 59.776 0.022 0.025 0/10 10.19x optimization problems,” European Journal of Avg. 227.47 20.02 0.0063 0.0068 11.93x Operational Research, vol. 17, pp. 169-174, 1984. [5] M. Wilhelm ve T. Ward, “Solving quadratic assignment problems by 'simulated annealing',” IIE Transactions, vol. 19, pp. 107-119, 1987. [6] N. Abreu, T. Querido ve P. Boaventura-Netto, “A simulated annealing for the quadratic assignment problem,” Rairo-Operations Research, vol. 33, pp. 249- 273, 1999. [7] T. Stützle ve M. Dorigo, “ACO Algorithms for the Quadratic Assignment Problem,” New Ideas in Optimization,McGraw-Hill, 1999. [8] M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo ve A. Colorni, “The Ant System: Optimization by a colony of cooperating agents,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, vol. 26, pp. 1- 13, 1996. [9] J. Kochhar, B. Foster ve S. Heragu, “A genetic Fig 6. Taillard Speed-Ups algorithm for the unequal area facility layout problem,” Computers & Operations Research, vol. 25, pp. 583- 594, 1998. 126 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Erdener Özçetin et al., Vol.4, No.2, 2018 [10] Z. Drezner, “A New Genetic Algorithm for the Quadratic Assignment Problem,” Informs Journal on Computing, vol. 15, pp. 320-330, 2003. [11] F. Glover, “Tabu Search - Part I,” ORSA Journal on Computing, vol. 1, pp. 190-206, 1989. [12] J. Skorin-Kapov, “Tabu Search Applied to the Quadratic Assignment Problem,” ORSA Journal on Computing, vol. 2, pp. 33-45, 1990. [13] E. D. Taillard, “Robust taboo search for the quadratic assignment problem,” Parallel Computing, vol. 17, pp. 443-455, 1991. [14] A. Misevičius ve A. Ostreika, “Defining Tabu tenure for the Quadratic Assignment Problem,” Information Technology and Control, vol. 36, 2007. [15] “Developer Centers: CUDA Zone,” nVIDIA,. Available: http://developer.nvidia.com/cuda/what- cuda. [16] S. Tsutsui ve N. Fujimoto, “Solving Quadratic Assignment Problems by Genetic Algorithms with GPU Computation: A Case Study,” GECCO, Montreal, 2009. [17] S. Tsutsui ve N. Fujimoto, “Fast QAP Solving by ACO with 2-opt Local Search on a GPU,” IEEE Section Congres, San Francisco, 2011. [18] M. Czapinski, “An effective Parallel Multistart Tabu Search for Quadratic Assignment Problem CUDA platform,” J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 73(11), pp. 1461-1468, 2013 . [19] E. Özçetin ve G. Öztürk, “A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Quadratic Assignment Problem on Graphics Processing Units,” ANADOLU UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY –A Applied Sciences and Engineering, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 167-180, 2016. 127 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES-IJET Guide for Authors The International Journal of Engineering Technologies (IJET) seeks to promote and disseminate knowledge of the various topics of engineering technologies. The journal aims to present to the international community important results of work in the fields of engineering such as imagining, researching, planning, creating, testing, improving, implementing, using and asking. The journal also aims to help researchers, scientists, manufacturers, institutions, world agencies, societies, etc. to keep up with new developments in theory and applications and to provide alternative engineering solutions to current. The International Journal of Engineering Technologies is a quarterly published journal and operates an online submission and peer review system allowing authors to submit articles online and track their progress via its web interface. The journal aims for a publication speed of 60 days from submission until final publication. The coverage of IJET includes the following engineering areas, but not limited to: All filed of engineering such as; Chemical engineering  Biomolecular engineering  Materials engineering  Molecular engineering  Process engineering Civil engineering  Environmental engineering  Geotechnical engineering  Structural engineering  Transport engineering  Water resources engineering Electrical engineering  Computer engineering  Electronic engineering  Optical engineering  Power engineering Mechanical engineering  Acoustical engineering  Manufacturing engineering  Thermal engineering  Vehicle engineering Systems (interdisciplinary) engineering  Aerospace engineering  Agricultural engineering  Applied engineering  Biological engineering  Building services engineering  Energy engineering  Railway engineering  Industrial engineering  Mechatronics  Military engineering  Nano engineering  Nuclear engineering  Petroleum engineering Types of Articles submitted should be original research papers, not previously published, in one of the following categories, – Applicational and design studies. – Technology development, – Comparative case studies. – Reviews of special topics. – Reviews of work in progress and facilities development. – Survey articles. – Guest editorials for special issues. Editor-in-Chief and Associate Editors Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Dr. Mustafa BAYRAM Associate Editors: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Baris SEVIM Asst. Prof. Dr. Ahmet AKTAS Asst. Prof. Dr. Yalcin CEKIC Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali ETEMADI Ethic Responsibilities The publication of an article in peer-reviewed “International Journal of Engineering Technologies” is an essential building block in the development of a coherent and respected network of knowledge. It is a direct reflection of the quality of the work. Peer-reviewed articles support and embody the scientific method. It is therefore important to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editor, the peer reviewer, the publisher and the society of society-owned or sponsored journals. All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The submission should be approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a “Copyright Form”. Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a “Copyright Form” form or a link to the online version of this agreement. Author Rights As a journal author, you retain rights for a large number of author uses, including use by your employing institute or company. These rights are retained and permitted without the need to obtain specific permission from IJET. These include:  The right to make copies (print or electronic) of the journal article for your own personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use;  The right to make copies and distribute copies (including via e-mail) of the journal article to research colleagues, for personal use by such colleagues for scholarly purposes;  The right to post a pre-print version of the journal article on internet web sites including electronic pre- print servers, and to retain indefinitely such version on such servers or sites for scholarly purposes  the right to post a revised personal version of the text of the final journal article on your personal or institutional web site or server for scholarly purposes  The right to use the journal article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes. Article Style Authors must strictly follow the guide for authors, or their articles may be rejected without review. Editors reserve the right to adjust the style to certain standards of uniformity. Follow Title, Authors, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Theory/Calculation, Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References order when typing articles. The corresponding author should be identified with an asterisk and footnote. Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article and do not include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. Abstract and Keywords: Enter an abstract of up to 250 words for all articles. This is a concise summary of the whole paper, not just the conclusions, and is understandable without reference to the rest of the paper. It should contain no citation to other published work. Include up to six keywords that describe your paper for indexing purposes. Abbreviations and Acronyms: Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even if they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable. Text Layout for Peer Review: Use single column layout, double spacing and wide (3 cm) margins on white paper at the peer review stage. Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated. Present tables and figure legends in the text where they are related and cited. Number all pages consecutively; use 12 pt font size and standard fonts; Times New Roman, Helvetica, or Courier is preferred. Research Papers should not exceed 12 printed pages in two-column publishing format, including figures and tables. Technical Notes and Letters should not exceed 2,000 words. Reviews should not exceed 20 printed pages in two-column publishing format, including figures and tables. Equations: Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). To make equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use an dash (–) rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as in C = a + b (1) Symbols in your equation should be defined before the equation appears or immediately following. Use “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” while citing. Figures and Tables: All illustrations must be supplied at the correct resolution: * Black and white and colour photos - 300 dpi * Graphs, drawings, etc - 800 dpi preferred; 600 dpi minimum * Combinations of photos and drawings (black and white and color) - 500 dpi In addition to using figures in the text, upload each figure as a separate file in either .tiff or .eps format during submission, with the figure number. Table captions should be written in the same format as figure captions; for example, “Table 1. Appearance styles.”. Tables should be referenced in the text unabbreviated as “Table 1.” References: Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and viceversa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. Citation of a reference as “in press” implies that the item has been accepted for publication. Number citations consecutively in square brackets [1]. Punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Use “Ref. [3]” or Reference [3]” at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [3] was …”. Give all authors’ names; use “et al.” if there are six authors or more. For papers published in translated journals, first give the English citation, then the original foreign-language citation. Books [1] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1892, pp.68-73. Journals [2] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface”, IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987. Conferences [3] Çolak I., Kabalci E., Bayindir R., and Sagiroglu S, “The design and analysis of a 5-level cascaded voltage source inverter with low THD”, 2nd PowerEng Conference, Lisbon, pp. 575-580, 18-20 March 2009. Reports [4] IEEE Standard 519-1992, Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993. Text Layout for Accepted Papers: A4 page margins should be margins: top = 24 mm, bottom = 24 mm, side = 15 mm. Main text should be given in two column. The column width is 87mm (3.425 in). The space between the two columns is 6 mm (0.236 in). Paragraph indentation is 3.5 mm (0.137 in). Follow the type sizes specified in Table. Position figures and tables at the tops and bottoms of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be centred below the figures; table captions should be centred above. Avoid placing figures and tables before their first mention in the text. Use the abbreviation “Fig. 1,” even at the beginning of a sentence. Type size Appearance (pts.) Regular Bold Italic 10 Authors’ affiliations, Section titles, Abstract references, tables, table names, first letters in table captions,figure captions, footnotes, text subscripts, and superscripts 12 Main text, equations, Authors’ names, a Subheading (1.1.) 24 Paper title Submission checklist: It is hoped that this list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal's Editor for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item. Ensure that the following items are present:  One Author designated as corresponding Author: • E-mail address • Full postal address • Telephone and fax numbers  All necessary files have been uploaded • Keywords: a minimum of 4 • All figure captions (supplied in a separate document) • All tables (including title, description, footnotes, supplied in a separate document)  Further considerations • Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and "grammar-checked" • References are in the correct format for this journal • All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa • Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web) • Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print. Article Template Containing Author Guidelines for Peer-Review First Author*, Second Author**‡, Third Author*** *Department of First Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author, Postal address **Department of Second Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author, Postal address ***Department of Third Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author, Postal address (First Author Mail Address, Second Author Mail Address, Third Author Mail Address) ‡ Corresponding Author; Second Author, Postal address, Tel: +90 312 123 4567, Fax: +90 312 123 4567,corresponding@affl.edu Received: xx.xx.xxxx Accepted:xx.xx.xxxx Abstract- Enter an abstract of up to 250 words for all articles. This is a concise summary of the whole paper, not just the conclusions, and is understandable without reference to the rest of the paper. It should contain no citation to other published work. Include up to six keywords that describe your paper for indexing purposes. Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even if they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable. Keywords- Keyword1; keyword2; keyword3; keyword4; keyword5. 2. Introduction Authors should any word processing software that is capable to make corrections on misspelled words and grammar structure according to American or Native English. Authors may get help by from word processor by making appeared the paragraph marks and other hidden formatting symbols. This sample article is prepared to assist authors preparing their articles to IJET. Indent level of paragraphs should be 0.63 cm (0.24 in) in the text of article. Use single column layout, double-spacing and wide (3 cm) margins on white paper at the peer review stage. Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated. Present tables and figure legends in the text where they are related and cited. Number all pages consecutively; use 12 pt font size and standard fonts; Times New Roman, Helvetica, or Courier is preferred. Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given. Example: "..... as demonstrated [3, 6]. Barnaby and Jones [8] obtained a different result ...." IJET accepts submissions in three styles that are defined as Research Papers, Technical Notes and Letter, and Review paper. The requirements of paper are as listed below:  Research Papers should not exceed 12 printed pages in two-column publishing format, including figures and tables.  Technical Notes and Letters should not exceed 2,000 words.  Reviews should not exceed 20 printed pages in two-column publishing format, including figures and tables. Authors are requested write equations using either any mathematical equation object inserted to word processor or using independent equation software. Symbols in your equation should be defined before the equation appears or immediately following. Use “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” while citing. Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in Eq. (1). To make equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use an dash (–) rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as in C = a + b (1) Section titles should be written in bold style while sub section titles are italic. 3. Figures and Tables 3.1. Figure Properties All illustrations must be supplied at the correct resolution:  Black and white and colour photos - 300 dpi  Graphs, drawings, etc - 800 dpi preferred; 600 dpi minimum  Combinations of photos and drawings (black and white and colour) - 500 dpi In addition to using figures in the text, Authors are requested to upload each figure as a separate file in either .tiff or .eps format during submission, with the figure number as Fig.1., Fig.2a and so on. Figures are cited as “Fig.1” in sentences or as “Figure 1” at the beginning of sentence and paragraphs. Explanations related to figures should be given before figure. Figures and tables should be located at the top or bottom side of paper as done in accepted article format. Figure 1. Engineering technologies. Table captions should be written in the same format as figure captions; for example, “Table 1. Appearance styles.”. Tables should be referenced in the text unabbreviated as “Table 1.” Table 1. Appearance properties of accepted manuscripts Type size Appearance (pts.) Regular Bold Italic 10 Authors’ affiliations, Abstract, keywords, Abstract references, tables, table names, figure captions, footnotes, text subscripts, and superscripts 12 Main text, equations, Authors’ names, Subheading Section titles (1.1.) 24 Paper title 4. Submission Process The International Journal of Engineering Technologies operates an online submission and peer review system that allows authors to submit articles online and track their progress via a web interface. Articles that are prepared referring to this template should be controlled according to submission checklist given in “Guide f Authors”. Editor handles submitted articles to IJET primarily in order to control in terms of compatibility to aims and scope of Journal. Articles passed this control are checked for grammatical and template structures. If article passes this control too, then reviewers are assigned to article and Editor gives a reference number to paper. Authors registered to online submission system can track all these phases. Editor also informs authors about processes of submitted article by e-mail. Each author may also apply to Editor via online submission system to review papers related to their study areas. Peer review is a critical element of publication, and one of the major cornerstones of the scientific process. Peer Review serves two key functions:  Acts as a filter: Ensures research is properly verified before being published  Improves the quality of the research 5. Conclusion The conclusion section should emphasize the main contribution of the article to literature. Authors may also explain why the work is important, what are the novelties or possible applications and extensions. Do not replicate the abstract or sentences given in main text as the conclusion. Acknowledgements Authors may acknowledge to any person, institution or department that supported to any part of study. References [1] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1892, pp.68-73. (Book) [2] H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4. (Book Chapter) [3] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface”, IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987. (Article) [4] E. Kabalcı, E. Irmak, I. Çolak, “Design of an AC-DC-AC converter for wind turbines”, International Journal of Energy Research, Wiley Interscience, DOI: 10.1002/er.1770, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 169-175. (Article) [5] I. Çolak, E. Kabalci, R. Bayindir R., and S. Sagiroglu, “The design and analysis of a 5-level cascaded voltage source inverter with low THD”, 2nd PowerEng Conference, Lisbon, pp. 575-580, 18-20 March 2009. (Conference Paper) [6] IEEE Standard 519-1992, Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993. (Standards and Reports) Article Template Containing Author Guidelines for Accepted Papers First Author*, Second Author**‡, Third Author*** *Department of First Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author, Postal address **Department of Second Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author, Postal address ***Department of Third Author, Faculty of First Author, Affiliation of First Author, Postal address (First Author Mail Address, Second Author Mail Address, Third Author Mail Address) ‡ Corresponding Author; Second Author, Postal address, Tel: +90 312 123 4567, Fax: +90 312 123 4567,corresponding@affl.edu Received: xx.xx.xxxx Accepted:xx.xx.xxxx Abstract- Enter an abstract of up to 250 words for all articles. This is a concise summary of the whole paper, not just the conclusions, and is understandable without reference to the rest of the paper. It should contain no citation to other published work. Include up to six keywords that describe your paper for indexing purposes. Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even if they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable. Keywords Keyword1, keyword2, keyword3, keyword4, keyword5. 1. Introduction given. Example: "..... as demonstrated [3,6]. Barnaby and Jones [8] obtained a different result ...." Authors should any word processing software that is capable to make corrections on misspelled words and IJET accepts submissions in three styles that are defined grammar structure according to American or Native English. as Research Papers, Technical Notes and Letter, and Review Authors may get help by from word processor by making paper. The requirements of paper are as listed below: appeared the paragraph marks and other hidden formatting  Research Papers should not exceed 12 printed pages symbols. This sample article is prepared to assist authors in two-column publishing format, including figures and preparing their articles to IJET. tables. Indent level of paragraphs should be 0.63 cm (0.24 in) in  Technical Notes and Letters should not exceed the text of article. Use single column layout, double-spacing 2,000 words. and wide (3 cm) margins on white paper at the peer review stage. Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated.  Reviews should not exceed 20 printed pages in two- Present tables and figure legends in the text where they are column publishing format, including figures and tables. related and cited. Number all pages consecutively; use 12 pt Authors are requested write equations using either any font size and standard fonts; Times New Roman, Helvetica, mathematical equation object inserted to word processor or or Courier is preferred. Indicate references by number(s) in using independent equation software. Symbols in your square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can equation should be defined before the equation appears or be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be immediately following. Use “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1),” while citing. Number equations consecutively with equation .tiff or .eps format during submission, with the figure number numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in Eq. as Fig.1., Fig.2a and so on. Figures are cited as “Fig.1” in (1). To make equations more compact, you may use the sentences or as “Figure 1” at the beginning of sentence and solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. paragraphs. Explanations related to figures should be given Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables, but not before figure. Greek symbols. Use an dash (-) rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a sentence, as in C = a + b (1) Section titles should be written in bold style while sub section titles are italic. 6. Figures and Tables 6.1. Figure Properties All illustrations must be supplied at the correct resolution:  Black and white and colour photos - 300 dpi Fig. 1. Engineering technologies.  Graphs, drawings, etc - 800 dpi preferred; 600 dpi Figures and tables should be located at the top or bottom minimum side of paper as done in accepted article format. Table captions should be written in the same format as figure  Combinations of photos and drawings (black and captions; for example, “Table 1. Appearance styles.”. Tables white and colour) - 500 dpi should be referenced in the text unabbreviated as “Table 1.” In addition to using figures in the text, Authors are requested to upload each figure as a separate file in either Table 1. Appearance properties of accepted manuscripts Appearance Type size (pts.) Regular Bold Italic Main text, section titles, authors’ affiliations, abstract, 10 keywords, references, tables, table names, figure captions, Abstract- Subheading (1.1.) equations, footnotes, text subscripts, and superscripts 12 Authors’ names, 24 Paper title 6.2. Text Layout for Accepted Papers the text. Use the abbreviation “Fig. 1,” even at the beginning of a sentence. A4 page margins should be margins: top = 24 mm, bottom = 24 mm, side = 15 mm. The column width is 87mm 7. Submission Process (3.425 in). The space between the two columns is 6 mm (0.236 in). Paragraph indentation is 3.5 mm (0.137 in). The International Journal of Engineering Technologies Follow the type sizes specified in Table. Position figures and operates an online submission and peer review system that tables at the tops and bottoms of columns. Avoid placing allows authors to submit articles online and track their them in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may progress via a web interface. Articles that are prepared span across both columns. Figure captions should be centred referring to this template should be controlled according to below the figures; table captions should be centred above. submission checklist given in “Guide f Authors”. Editor Avoid placing figures and tables before their first mention in handles submitted articles to IJET primarily in order to control in terms of compatibility to aims and scope of Journal. Articles passed this control are checked for grammatical and template structures. If article passes this control too, then reviewers are assigned to article and Editor gives a reference number to paper. Authors registered to online submission system can track all these phases. Editor also informs authors about processes of submitted article by e-mail. Each author may also apply to Editor via online submission system to review papers related to their study areas. Peer review is a critical element of publication, and one of the major cornerstones of the scientific process. Peer Review serves two key functions:  Acts as a filter: Ensures research is properly verified before being published  Improves the quality of the research 8. Conclusion The conclusion section should emphasize the main contribution of the article to literature. Authors may also explain why the work is important, what are the novelties or possible applications and extensions. Do not replicate the abstract or sentences given in main text as the conclusion. Acknowledgements Authors may acknowledge to any person, institution or department that supported to any part of study. References [7] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1892, pp.68-73. (Book) [8] H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4. (Book Chapter) [9] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface”, IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987. (Article) [10] E. Kabalcı, E. Irmak, I. Çolak, “Design of an AC- DC-AC converter for wind turbines”, International Journal of Energy Research, Wiley Interscience, DOI: 10.1002/er.1770, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 169-175. (Article) [11] I. Çolak, E. Kabalci, R. Bayindir R., and S. Sagiroglu, “The design and analysis of a 5-level cascaded voltage source inverter with low THD”, 2nd PowerEng Conference, Lisbon, pp. 575-580, 18-20 March 2009. (Conference Paper) [12] IEEE Standard 519-1992, Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993. (Standards and Reports) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES (IJET) COPYRIGHT AND CONSENT FORM This form is used for article accepted to be published by the IJET. Please read the form carefully and keep a copy for your files. TITLE OF ARTICLE (hereinafter, "The Article"): ………..…………………………………………………....................………………………………………………………… ………..…………………………………………………....................…………………………………………………………… …………..………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………… LIST OF AUTHORS: ………..……………………………………………………………...…..……………………………………………………… ………..…………………………………………………....................…………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………..…………… CORRESPONDING AUTHOR’S (“The Author”) NAME, ADDRESS, INSTITUTE AND EMAIL: ………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………… ………..…………………………………………………....................…………………………………………………………… …………..………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….…… COPYRIGHT TRANSFER The undersigned hereby transfers the copyright of the submitted article to International Journal of Engineering Technologies (the "IJET"). The Author declares that the contribution and work is original, and he/she is authorized by all authors and/or grant-funding agency to sign the copyright form. Author hereby assigns all including but not limited to the rights to publish, distribute, reprints, translates, electronic and published derivates in various arrangements or any other versions in full or abridged forms to IJET. IJET holds the copyright of Article in its own name. Author(s) retain all rights to use author copy in his/her educational activities, own websites, institutional and/or funder’s web sites by providing full citation to final version published in IJET. The full citation is provided including Authors list, title of the article, volume and issue number, and page number or using a link to the article in IJET web site. Author(s) have the right to transmit, print and share the first submitted copies with colleagues. Author(s) can use the final published article for his/her own professional positions, career or qualifications by citing to the IJET publication. Once the copyright form is signed, any changes about the author names or order of the authors listed above are not accepted by IJET. Authorized/Corresponding Author Date/ Signature