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Öğe Analysis of the effects of CO2 emissions sourced by commercial marine fleet by using energy efficiency design index(VINCA INST NUCLEAR SCI, MIHAJLA PETROVICA-ALASA 12-14 VINCA, 11037 BELGRADE. POB 522, BELGRADE 11001, SERBIA, 2020) Mersin, Kadir; Bayırhan, İrşad; Gazioğlu, CemEnvironmentally friendly compared to other modes of transport, is still responsible for 1 billionns of CO2 emissions per year and 2.7% of total global emissions, although it has the lowest CO2 emissions per mile. In order to keep the world’s surface temperature below the critical +2 °C, International Maritime Organization works with alternative methods especially in the energy efficiency design index, to increase the productivity depending on the type and operation of the ship to reduce current CO2 emissions each tonne per mile basis. More energy-efficient vessels are necessary due to the increasing volume of maritime trade in parallel to meet the growing energy demands and reduce total CO2 emissions. Measures to reduce CO2 emissions also increase efficiency and fuel-savings. The most significant parameter of fuel economy is the speed of the ship. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the ecological speed limits of vessels in terms of minimum commercial profitability by a gradual reduction in operating speeds. Consequently a solution methodology for the effects of slow steaming to the global environment is presented as a CO2 emission reduction activity under the systematic analysis of human thought.Öğe Comparative analysis of the USA’s Washington Ferries and road transport carbon emissions using the Trozzi and Vaccaro and Greatest Integer functions(Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023) Mersin, Kadir; Yıldırım, Metin; Alola, Andrew AdewaleCountries’ sectors are currently under great scrutiny for their response to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profle and the general efect of the sectoral activities on the environment. As in the agenda of all sectors, environmental concerns and investigations are of high importance in shipping and maritime transport. Amidst the rising forms of globalization, the need for sustainable transportation is constantly increasing. However, the machines that are the cornerstone of transportation largely depend on fossil fuels, thus resulting in environmental degradation. Notably, environmental-related degradation has continued to account for global warming, climate change, and ocean acidifcation. Shipping is considered the most environmentally friendly mode of transportation in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per ton per mile of transported unit load when compared against road transportation. In this study, six ferry lines (FLs) of Washington State Ferries were calculated to compare ship-generated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions with those from road transportation as if the carried vehicles had used the highway instead of transport by FL. While making these calculations, the Greatest Integer function (GIF) and Trozzi and Vaccaro function (TVF) were utilized. From the examined three scenarios, i.e., all passengers travel by car instead of ferry as scenario 1, all ferries carry both cars and passengers as scenario 2, and all car-free passengers travel by bus instead of ferry as scenario 3, the outlined results are as follows: (i) none of the cars were carried by the ferry, and carfree passengers preferred traveling by their own cars as observed in scenario 1; (ii) hypothetical scenarios (1 to 3) in which the road vehicles carried on FLs had instead used the highway, and the total potential CO2 emissions of these road vehicles were calculated as 2,638,858.138, 704,958.2998, and 1,394,148.577 tonnes per year, respectively. Policy-wise, this study revealed the management strategies for CO2 emissions reduction for two transport modes, shipping and road transportation, under current conditions.Öğe A comparative CO2 emissions analysis and mitigation strategies of short-sea shipping and road transport in the Marmara Region(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND, 2021) Ülker, Duygu; Bayırhan, İrşad; Mersin, Kadir; Gazioğlu, CemThe Marmara is the most highly trafficked region in Turkey in terms of seaway and highway transport congestion. The transport mode-based CO2 emissions budget for the region needs to take more environmentally friendly measures. In this study, 13 ro-ro and ferry lines (RFLs) are evaluated in the Sea of Marmara to compare ship-generated CO2 emissions with road transport as if the carried vehicles had used the highway instead of transport by RFL. Additionally, this study revealed the management strategies for CO2 emissions reduction for both transport modes under current conditions. The total CO2 emissions budget of 13 RFLs in the Sea of Marmara is higher than the potential CO2 emissions of their carried vehicles. Using the methods of Entec UK Ltd and Trozzi and Vaccaro, the amount of CO2 emissions generated by the RFLs is 204,470.99 and 170,459.85 t/year, respectively. The potential CO2 emissions of road vehicles carried in 2017, 2018 and 2019 are computed by applying Tier 1 methods as 121,690.54, 106,844.89, and 100,921.95 t/year, respectively. It is observed that shifting trucks from the highway to the seaway contributes to a reduction of the yearly CO2 emissions budget generated from the transport sector to provide sustainable transportation management in the region.Öğe Deniz Taşımacılığında Sürdürülebilirliğin Geliştirilmesi: Arktik Rota Analizi(Artikel Akademi, 2023) Mersin, Kadir; Yıldırım, MetinTeknoloji her geçen gün gelişiyor olsa da yakıt maliyetlerinin yeri ve önemi bulduğu Skonumu önemini giderek artırdığı görülmektedir. Yakıt maliyetlerine etki eden unsurların başında gemi makinesinin cinsi ve ilgili makinanın beygir gücü gelmektedir. Bu unsurlara paralel olarak ilgili makinanın kullandığı yakıt cinsi ve kullanılan yakıtın birim fiyatı maliyete etki eden unsurların arasındadır. Ana makinanın düzenli gerçekleştiren bakım faaliyetleri, verimi, yaşı, makina dairesinde çalışan personelin eğitim seviyeleri, bilgi, beceri ve etkin tecrübeleri yakıt tüketimi üzerinde önemli etkiye sahip önemli faktörler arasında yer almaktadır(Yıldız,2008).Öğe Limanların Bölgesel ve Ekonomik Etkileri: Tekirdağ-Ren Nehri Karşılaştırması(Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2018) Eroğlu Pektaş, Güzide Öncü; Mersin, Kadir; Ormanlı, FatihKüreselleşmenin ekonomik hâkimiyetinde olan günümüzde ticaret lojistikten bağımsız olarak düşünülemez. Hammadde, üretim, tüketim üçgeninin binlerce kilometreyi bulabilen çevresinde dolanarak bu üç faktörün ortak bir noktada buluşturulması ancak ve ancak gelişmiş taşımacılık ağlarıyla mümkündür. Taşımacılığın ana faktörü ve taşımacılık ağlarının temel birleştiricisi ise denizyolu taşımacılığıdır. Bu lojistik faaliyetlerinin başlangıç ve bitiş noktasında limanlar yer almaktadır. Limanların yarattığı bu artı değer günümüz Batı Avrupa nüfusunun dağılımına da karar vermiştir. İç suyolu taşımacılığı daha ekonomik olduğu için tercih edilen Ren Nehri’nde gemilerle taşınan ürünlere ve ticari güce kayıtsız kalamayan halk, son yüz yıllık süreç içerisinde bölgede bulunan nüfusu ve nüfus yoğunluğunu ciddi düzeyde arttırmıştır. Türkiye’nin Tekirdağ ili incelediğinde ülkenin geri kalanına oranla oldukça yüksek bir nüfus artış oranı görülmektedir. Şehirde bulunan nüfusun dağılımına bakıldığında ise limana yakın ilçelerde daha yüksek bir nüfus görülmektedir. Çalışmada öncelikle makro açıdan Hollanda’daki Ren Nehri değerlendirilmiş olup, sonrasında Tekirdağ ilinin liman faaliyetlerinin bölgesel kalkınmaya olan etkisi araştırılmıştır.Öğe Mathematical Model of the Traveling Salesman Problem with Delivery and Draft Limit(İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Yayınları / Istanbul Gelisim University Press, 2019-6-30) Mersin, Kadir; Nur, CemileIn this paper, we determine the order of the ports to be reached with the help of graph theory and establish Hamilton cycles. We obtain sub-solutions and solution sets with the help of these cycles. Moreover, we prove some relations about the draft limit and the demand of the port. Finally we present some examples.Öğe Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus)(Cem Gazioğlu, 2019) Bayırhan, İrşad; Mersin, Kadir; Tokuşlu, Aydın; Gazioğlu, CemIn addition to being one of the largest metropolises in the world, Istanbul is also one of the busiest routes of international maritime transport through the Strait of Istanbul (SoI). Currently, the average number of ships which passes through SoI is approximately 45,000. This number does not increase much due to the natural structure of SoI. So, larger ships with larger tonnages pass through SoI. In addition to the existing transit ship traffic in SoI, ship-based exhaust pollution caused by local maritime traffic adversely affects human health, comfort and the environment. In this study, the exhaust emissions generated by the ships of the local companies transporting in SoI were investigated. In addition, exhaust emissions from ships, one of the most important air pollutant emission sources such as motor vehicles, industrial processes and heating of residences in Istanbul, were calculated and presented. Ship exhaust gas emissions in SoI were calculated based on actual ship movements and ship machinery information using the bottom up method.Öğe A New Formula for Calculation of Optimum Displacement and Its Effects(Cem Gazioğlu, 2022) Mersin, Kadir; Yıldırım, MetinIn maritime transport, fuel consumption is one of the biggest costs. So, various methods are used to reduce fuel consumption. The most common of these methods is to reduce the cruise speed of the ship. However, decreasing the voyage speed causes an increase in ship time. Nevertheless, the cruise speed is not only parameter which effects the fuel consumption. Weather condition, weight of the ship and even hull cleansing can affect the consumption. In this study, the effect of speed reduction and the effect of weight reduction were analyzed, and weight optimization was made for a ferry. In addition, cost of this reductions and amount of CO2 emissions were compared. Finally, the advantages of weight optimization were revealed.Öğe A new method for calculating fuel consumption and displacement of a ship in maritime transport(Taylor & Francis As, 2017) Mersin, Kadir; Alkan, Guler; Misirlioglu, TuncFuel consumption is the most important parameter which is effected by the petrol prices. Optimization of the sailing speed decreases the fuel cost because it is proportional to the sailing speed. In this study, the present fuel consumption formula has been improved by finding a formula that shows the change of the displacement of the ship according to the time.Öğe A New Method for Calculating Fuel Consumption by Using Speed Loss Function(Cem Gazioğlu, 2020) Mersin, KadirThe most important factor affecting fuel consumption is the speed of service. There are many formulas that give the relationship between service speed and fuel consumption. These formulas ignore the weight of the load on the ship or the wind speed. For example, Beaufort numbers and Aertssen numbers are neglected. This neglect makes it difficult to predict the amount of fuel that the ship will consume on the road at each departure. For example, a trip against wind resistance will increase the margin of error of estimated fuel consumption. Although this error does not cause major changes, it will affect the ship's total fuel consumption in the long period. This period can also effect cost of the shipping companies. In this study, the formula which does not neglect the wind speed and load weight is put forward and fuel consumption is modelled with this formula. In addition, results of this methods and classic calculation are compared. Nevertheless, hotelling and maneuvering of the ship are neglected while calculating.Öğe Possible Effects of the Canal Istanbul Waterway Project on Ship Emissions: Challenges and Prospects(Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc., 2024) Mersin, Kadir; Bayırhan, İrşad; Yıldırım, MetinCanal Istanbul Waterway Project, officially announced in 2011, will be the third of the Turkish straits if realized. However, the exhaust pollution caused by transit and local ship traffic in the existing Strait of İstanbul already adversely affects human health, comfort, and the environment. Consequently, how the Canal Istanbul will affect emission pollution in this area is a problem that should be studied in advance. For this purpose, this article examined the potential exhaust emissions from ships in Canal Istanbul. In the present study, the forecast analysis of the time series was carried out using Weka (3.8.1). Two different time series forecasting methods, namely, Gaussian processes and sequence minimum optimization (SMO) regression, were employed to predict future traffic and tonnage trends. The SMO regression algorithm’s performance measurement values yielded better results than the Gaussian processes. The results of SMO regression algorithm were used in future calculations. Subsequently, the total fuel consumption of the ships was calculated. Second, the Trozzi and Vaccaro method was used, and possible nitrogen oxide (NOX), carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur oxide (SOX) emissions of the ships were calculated.Öğe Review of CO2 Emission and Reducing Methods in Maritime Transportation(VINCA INST NUCLEAR SCI, MIHAJLA PETROVICA-ALASA 12-14 VINCA, 11037 BELGRADE. POB 522, BELGRADE, 11001, SERBIA, 2019) Mersin, Kadir; Bayırhan, İrşad; Gazioğlu, CemDespite the lowest CO2 emission in terms of payload per unit mile, commercial marine fleet transport is responsible for approximately 1 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions per year and 2.7% of the total global CO2 emission. To keep the world's surface temperature below critical +2 degrees C, International Maritime Organization works with alternative methods on a ton / mile basis to reduce existing CO2 emissions. In this study, these methods are analyzed and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The future of CO2 emissions was also investigated.Öğe Review of total emission of transit ships in the Dardanelle which including possible CO2 emission of 1915 Canakkale Bridge(VINCA INST NUCLEAR SCI, MIHAJLA PETROVICA-ALASA 12-14 VINCA, 11037 BELGRADE. POB 522, BELGRADE 11001, SERBIA, 2020) Mersin, KadirCanakkale Strait (Dardanelles), is one of two straits that have Turkey with Bosphorus. This strait, which has a length of 38 miles, provides the connection of countries with a coast to the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. 43454 ships pass through the strait annually. According to 2019 data, 45.33% general cargo ship, 21.43% bulk carrier, 21.78% tanker, 6.43% container, 0.65% ro-ro, and 0.61% passenger ship, and 3.77% other type of ship passed. Therefore, by including the Canakkale 1915 bridge which will be completed in 2023, the six most frequent ship types were examined and their emission values were calculated in this study.
