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Öğe Digital Transformation and Changing Marketing Dynamics in the World(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Kara, FundaWith the development of technology, the changes experienced in consumers’ expectations have directed especially marketing world to new searches. Starting to take place in the literature and featuring the digital marketing because of that the traditional marketing approach for companies is not able to adequately meet the needs of our age, SAVE marketing mix consists of solution (S), access (A), value (V) and education (E) elements. The starting point of this new mix is customer focus, which is now at the forefront. It is an approach that creates value for the customer, tries to find quick solutions to possible problems of the customer by communicating with them constantly, provides convenience to the customer regarding access to the product, and that can educate its employees by raising awareness on these issues. The aim of this study is to examine the SAVE marketing approach, which is one of the marketing dynamics being changed along with the process created by the digital transformation in the world. Surely, it is possible that various changes or additions would also be experienced in this marketing mix over time. However, it is an undeniable fact that the sense of marketing of the future will be shaped by carrying SAVE marketing mix. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe The environmental aspects of agriculture, merchandize, share, and export value-added calibrations in Turkey(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY, 2021) Baş, Tuğba; Kara, Funda; Alola, Andrew AdewaleThe intricacy associated with policy design for environmental sustainability has necessitated a reconsideration of the output and environmental degradation relationship. Like many economies across the globe, the sector contributions to environmental woe are likely contingent on the respective economic performance of the sectors. From this perspective, this study examines the environmental effects of the contributions of agriculture value-added, merchandize value-added, export value-added, and share value-added over the period 1991–2019. By employing a combination of econometric techniques, the result revealed that agriculture value-added and export value-added mitigate environmental hazards, while a 1% increase in total energy utilization, merchandize value-added, and share value-added induce carbon emission by about 0.6%, 0.02%, and 0.001%. Moreover, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is validated for agriculture value-added and carbon emission nexus. However, there is a significant U-shaped relationship between carbon emission and economic contributions from the merchandize valueadded, export value-added, and share value-added, thus suggesting that the EKC hypothesis is not valid. The study suggests that Turkey’s agricultural sector is possibly living to the expectation of adopting and incorporating environmental sustainability practices. On the other hand, sustainable environmental policies related to other sectors of the economy are proffered in consonance with the indicated result from the study.Öğe In The Light of The Logit Model: The Dark Relationship Of Corruption and Poverty: The Case of Turkey(Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, 2024) Çiğdem, Gülgün; Kara, Funda; Aydın, Atilla; Bıyıklı, Süreyya İmrePoverty, a complex issue present throughout history, and corruption, a global challenge, are critical topics that have long been the focus of academic and political discussions. Poverty encompasses not only material deprivation but also limited access to education, health, and social opportunities, impacting both individuals and society. Corruption, particularly harmful in developing countries, impedes economic growth and fosters social unrest, misuse of public resources, and injustice. This study investigates the relationship between poverty and corruption, using the Barro and Hanke Poverty Index to measure poverty in Turkey from 2014:01 to 2022:10. Findings reveal that as corruption increases, poverty rises, leading to a worsening economy. The results show that each unit increase in the Corruption Perception Index decreases the Logit value by 18.2 units. This study contributes to understanding the complex relationship between poverty and corruption, aiming to inform more effective strategies for improving social welfare.Öğe Investigating the carbon emission aspects of agricultural land utilization in Turkey(WILEY, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ, 2022) Kara, Funda; Baş, Tuğba; Tırmandıoğlu Talu, Nimet Hülya; Alola, Andrew AdewaleAs a pathway to environmental sustainability, several approaches to sustainable agriculture practices have consistently been echoed through international government agencies such as the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations Development Programme. Given this perspective, this study examines the carbon emission effects of the categories of agricultural land utilization (this includes arable land, permanent cropland, meadows land, and forest land) for Turkey over the period 1988–2019. The study further explores the dimension of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from agricultural land use for sown crops, fruits and beverages, vineyards, and olives, in addition to the effect of economic expansion. By employing the autoregressive distributed lag empirical approach, the study finds that the use of agricultural land for arable farming and permanent plantation helps to reduce carbon emissions, especially in the long?run, while the impact of meadows is also desirable only in the short?run. Consequently, the study further shows that the use of farmland for fruits and beverages, and vineyard mitigates carbon emission, especially in the long?run. Whereas the use of farmland for olives plantation and fallow exhibits a significant contribution of carbon emission, especially in the short?run with elasticities of 0.91 and 1.48 respectively. Moreover, economic expansion in Turkey causes significant harm to environmental quality in the long?run thereby truncating its short?run desirable environmental effect. In order to sustain the largely efficient agricultural practice in Turkey, the study offers two policy dimensions to the government and the country's stakeholders in the agricultural sector.Öğe Will The Membership of Türkiye To The EU Spur Convergence of GDP Per Capita To High-Income Economy?(Hüzeyfe Süleyman Arslan, 2023) Gürler, Metin; Kara, FundaBy examining the economic performances of the new members of the EU in the 2000s, it is aimed to investigate possible developments in the Turkish economy, in case Turkey becomes a full member of the European Union (EU). The study covers thirteen member countries that were accepted as full members of the EU in the 2000s and Turkey, which is a candidate country forthe EU. Eight (there were seven members when the study was done) of the new members are also in the Euro Area (Eurozone). While eleven of the new members are located in Central and Eastern Europe, Malta and Cyprus are two island countries located in the Mediterranean. The correlation between the countries’ GDP per capita was investigated after testing the normality of the data for the country set. The growth performance was investigated with a growth convergence equation. Different unit root tests for time series and panel data were applied to analyse the breakpoints within the GDP per capita of the EU member countries considering the membership. Time series data were used for individual member state analysis whereas panel data were used for income convergence analysis of the country set. Lithuania has the best performance in income per capita increase in the 1995-2021 period whereas Romania has the second and Latvia has the third best performance. Due to the convergence theorem, new member countries have the highest growth rate than the EU and Eurozone in income per capita in the 1995-2021 period.
